Chau Ürafömírs - The Hortative
Chü Tubílíbdönöks - Formation
The seventh and final mood of verbs in Géarthnuns does not take a
frilténs; each conjugational grouping has its own formation in the hortative. As such, the gentle reader may find it useful to review the conjugations as introduced in
More About Nouns (III):
Code: Select all
Conjugation Final Letter Example
First -f balaf - stop
Second -zh vazh - buy
Third -z kadiz - go
Fourth -n mölman - sing
Fifth -kh gvezíökh - catch
Sixth -l kshel - beg
Seventh -th síuth - thank
First Conjugation:
First conjugation verbs form their hortative by attaching the prefix "
zçöt-" directly to the verb, regardless of what it starts with:
zçöt- +
citation form
balaf (
stop) →
zçötbalaf →
zçötbalaf
öf (
build) →
zçötöf →
zçötöf
íf (
stay) →
zçötíf →
zçötíf
héf (
sleep) →
zçöthéf →
zçöt'héf
vangaf (
fly) →
zçötvangaf →
zçötvangaf
palenguf (
leave) →
zçötpalenguf →
zçötpalenguf
gíf (
bind) →
zçötgíf →
zçötgíf
halsöf (
settle) →
zçöthalsöf →
zçöt'halsöf
dlübef (
feed) →
zçötdlübef →
zçötdlübef
nthérauf (
simmer) →
zçötnthérauf →
zçötnthérauf
dhökferöif (
film) →
zçötdhökferöif →
zçötdhökferöif
N.B.: As noted in Note 19 on
Pronunciation and Orthography in the first post, doubled letters are not allowed in the orthography, so when the prefix knocks up against a verb starting with a
tu, one
tu is dropped:
tengüdhauf (
be warm) →
zçöttengüdhauf →
*zçöttengüdhauf →
zçötengüdhauf
tsénof (
address) →
zçöttsénof →
*zçöttsénof →
zçötsénof
twímöifef (
swing) →
zçöttwímöifef →
*zçöttwímöifef →
zçötwímöifef
tlüçanef (
confide) →
zçöttlüçanef →
*zçöttlüçanef →
zçötlüçanef
The prefix "
zçöt-" falls under the Category 3 reading of
zçéna, outlined in Note 9 of
Pronunciation and Orthography; that is, the prefix may be read either as [ʑøt] or [kwøt].
Second Conjugation:
For second conjugation verbs, the final
zharö is dropped and replaced with a
rín:
(
citation form -
final zh) +
-r
vazh (
buy) →
var →
var
uzh (
blossom) →
ur →
ur
íezh (
knit) →
íer →
íer
ndezh (
cure) →
nder →
nder
hombeküzh (
weld) →
hombekür →
hombekür
fuzh (
write) →
fur →
fur
vízh (
succeed) →
vír →
vír
glozh (
eat) →
glor →
glor
ngövezh (
pay) →
ngöver →
ngöver
gzunpízh (
mean) →
gzunpír →
gzunpír
soraubvadezh (
slow-cook) →
soraubvader →
soraubvader
The third and fourth conjugations will entail distinctions between the vowels and vowels shumatsöin (marked by a diacritic in the native orthography), so gentle readers may wish to pause and refresh their knowledge of the romanization of the Géarthnuns vowel system:
Code: Select all
Vowel Romanization | Romanization Vowel Shumatsöin
asha a | ai asha shumatsöin
ut u | ü ut shumatsöin
imbe i | í imbe shumatsöin
öne ö | o öne shumatsöin
enga e | é enga shumatsöin
aur au | ou aur shumatsöin
öize öi | oi öize shumatsöin
Third Conjugation:
For third conjugation verbs, the vowel before the final
zö becomes a vowel
shumatsöin and an
asha is inserted between the vowel
shumatsöin and the final
zö:
(citation form - final z) →
(end vowel →
vowel shumatsöin) +
-a- +
(replaced final z)
kadiz (
go) →
kadíz →
kadíaz →
kadíaz
éöz (
exclaim) →
éoz →
éoaz →
éoaz
haz (
transport) →
haiz →
haiaz →
haiaz
förhífaz (
dance) →
förhífaiz →
förhífaiaz →
förhífaiaz
vebuz (
worsen) →
vebüz →
vebüaz →
vebüaz
shöz (
run) →
shoz →
shoaz →
shoaz
nzdanez (
walk) →
nzdanéz →
nzdanéaz →
nzdanéaz
auz (
fetch) →
ouz →
ouaz →
ouaz
öiz (
cover one's eyes) →
oiz →
oiaz →
oiaz
zçarhuz (
establish) →
zçarhüz →
zçarhüaz →
zçarhüaz
gamez (
give) →
gaméz →
gaméaz →
gaméaz
N.B.:
Imbe shumatsöin, coming as it does before the final
-az, will always be read as a consonantal [j]. For example:
kadíaz will be read [kaˈdjaz].
Ut shumatsöin before the final
-az, however, may be read as [y], adding a syllable, or as [ɥ], not adding a syllable. For example:
zçarhüaz may be read as [ˌʑaXyˈaz] or as [ʑaˈXɥaz].
Only a couple of verbs found in the lexicon thus far have a consonant between the last vowel and the final
zö. The vowel
shumatsöin and
asha come before the
nü:
linz (
catch fire) →
línz →
líanz →
líanz
horhozvenz (
trace, date) →
horhozvénz →
horhozvéanz →
horhozvéanz
(
N.B.:
Additional examples will be edited in as they are found in the lexicon.)
Fourth Conjugation:
For fourth conjugation verbs, the vowel before the final
nü becomes a vowel
shumatsöin:
(citation form - final n) →
(end vowel →
vowel shumatsöin) +
(replaced final n)
mölman (
sing) →
mölmain →
mölmain
abarön (
justify) →
abaron →
abaron
íaswön (
be grateful) →
íaswon →
íaswon
hin (
use) →
hín →
hín
fun (
rain) →
fün →
fün
frin (
suffice) →
frín →
frín
ven (
have) →
vén →
vén
radzön (
show) →
radzon →
radzon
sesinaplen (
condole) →
sesinaplén →
sesinaplén
Fifth Conjugation:
For fifth conjugation verbs, the final
vaukh is dropped and replaced with a
chem:
(
citation form -
final kh) +
-ch
gvezíökh (
catch) →
gvezíöch →
gvezíöch
nggavökh (
kill) →
nggavöch →
nggavöch
öilemiçnakh (
survive) →
öilemiçnach →
öilemiçnach
ízhökh (
triumph) →
ízhöch →
ízhöch
zhövakh (
freeze) →
zhövach →
zhövach
gvusukh (
be likely) →
gvusuch →
gvusuch
ökfíkh (
receive) →
ökfích →
ökfích
thubekh (
recover) →
thubech →
thubech
dhgaukh (
screw) →
dhgauch →
dhgauch
dvétekh (
bang) →
dvétech →
dvétech
kfakh (
need) →
kfach →
kfach
Sixth Conjugation:
For sixth conjugation verbs, hortatives are formed by prefixed reduplication:
1) a) For monosyllabic verbs starting with a consonant, the reduplicated part of the syllable is all but the final
lésa:
kshel (
beg) →
kshekshel →
kshekshel
möl (
speak) →
mömöl →
mömöl
shal (
hear) →
shashal →
shashal
fel (
depict, represent) →
fefel →
fefel
b) For monosyllabic verbs starting with a vowel, the vowel is reduplicated and a
ba is inserted between the two vowels:
al (
write calligraphically) →
abal →
abal
el (
be satisfied) →
ebel →
ebel
2) a) For polysyllabic verbs starting with a consonant, the entire first syllable is reduplicated:
haisal (
deep-fry) →
haihaisal →
haihaisal
wagravel (
spread one's reputation) →
wawagravel →
wawagravel
bvérhel (
count) →
bvébvérhel →
bvébvérhel
dvölesal (
raise (animals)) →
dvödvölesal →
dvödvölesal
b) For polysyllabic verbs starting with a vowel, the vowel is reduplicated, but it also co-opts the initial consonant(s) from the following syllable:
ísüél (
sprout) →
ísísüél →
ísísüél
íkföl (
chat) →
íkfíkföl →
íkfíkföl
angal (
lift, break, cancel) →
angangal →
angangal
uvel (
don) →
uvuvel →
uvuvel
ödnal (
be stumped) →
ödnödnal →
ödnödnal
If the initial syllable ends in a consonant, such co-opting is unnecessary:
auçpul (
tear) →
auçauçpul →
auçauçpul
In cases where the following syllable also starts with a vowel, the initial vowel is reduplicated and a
ba is inserted between the two vowels
aésíl (
set) →
abaésíl →
abaésíl
c) For polysyllabic verbs starting with a syllabic nasal, the syllabic nasal is reduplicated (this is one of the exceptions, touched on in Note 19 on
Pronunciation and Orthography in the first post, where double letters are allowed). Stress normally falls on the second syllabic nasal:
mpril (
be annoyed) →
mmpril →
mmpril ([mˈmpɾɪl])
ngkötel (
witness) →
ngngkötel →
ngngkötel ([ŋˈŋkøˌtɛl])
ndharhal (
debate) →
nndharhal →
nndharhal ([nˈnðaˌXal])
3) Some verbal prefixes, like "
dim-" and "
fté-", are perceived as an integral part of the verb and therefore lend themselves easily to reduplication:
dimtel (
look at, watch) →
dimdimtel →
dimdimtel
ftérhal (
read in vain) →
ftéftérhal →
ftéftérhal
Others, like "
dína-" and "
seme-", are viewed as "add-ons", so the stylistically preferred choice,
strongly advocated by the Academia, is to reduplicate the syllable after such a prefix:
dínagwerhel (
dismiss) →
dínagwegwerhel →
dínagwegwerhel
sememöl (
respond, react) →
sememömöl →
sememömöl
However, one will encounter such forms as:
dínagwerhel (
dismiss) →
dídínagwerhel →
dídínagwerhel
sememöl (
respond, react) →
sesememöl →
sesememöl
These are not endorsed by the Academia, and are still considered by that part of the general population that cares as childish, jocular, slummingly conversational, and not to be used if one wishes to be taken seriously. Only time will tell if they move beyond marginal usage.
Seventh Conjugation:
Seventh conjugation verbs form their hortative by attaching the suffix
-ta directly to the verb:
citation form +
-ta
síuth (
thank) →
síuthta →
síuthta
inth (
read aloud) →
inthta →
inthta
íömpeth (
separate) →
íömpethta →
íömpethta
huth (
waft) →
huthta →
huthta
malozhdíath (
alight) →
malozhdíathta →
malozhdíathta
ousüth (
answer) →
ousüthta →
ousüthta
thauth (
come) →
thauthta →
thauthta
nskömeth (
request) →
nskömethta →
nskömethta
sörhath (
visit) →
sörhathta →
sörhathta
kshöth (
hoe) →
kshöthta →
kshöthta
funarhath (
smell like rain) →
funarhathta →
funarhathta
Nöi et alia:
Whether the copular
nöi and its derivatives are irregular verbs or constitute their own miniature verb class proper elicits at the Academia what might be termed "heated discussion". Both sides of the divide, however, are in unanimous agreement that they are decidedly
not an eighth conjugation, so if one wishes to be invited to one of the Academia's celebrated garden parties, one shouldn't even think about suggesting such a thing aloud. We leave it to gentle readers to decide for themselves. Should one find oneself at an Academia garden party if the subject arises, the non-native is advised to smile knowingly and fill his/her mouth with one of the delicious cucumber finger sandwiches on offer. Regardless of where one may fall on the issue, for this grouping of verbs, the final
öize is dropped and replaced with an
ut shumatsöin:
(
citation form -
final öi) +
-ü
nöi (
be) →
nü →
nü
vanöi (
become) →
vanü →
vanü
zçenöi (
slowly become, wax) →
zçenü →
zçenü
kwaunöi (
slowly "unbecome", wane) →
kwaunü →
kwaunü
sénöi (
remain, stay) →
sénü →
sénü
çürenöi (
remain, be left) →
çürenü →
çürenü
psönöi (
look, seem) →
psönü →
psönü
With the three tenses, five voices, and seven moods introduced thus far, the verb paradigm now looks like this:
Indicative:
Interrogative:
Speculative:
Conclusive:
Imperative:
Discoursive:
Hortative:
Chü Hínabdönöks - Usage
True to its name, the hortative covers the functions of a hortatory subjunctive, but it also spills over into optative or jussive usages as well:
1) a) Verbs in expressions of wishing, benevolently or malevolently, may be put into the hortative:
Chö díbs la mnékashada'u péaz!
Long live the King!
Chík bwelsíp söik íngözatsöing péretöing la chíl fulsím öçkelím hanarhoin.
May the fleas of a thousand camels infest your armpits.
Sí la aukhnöth nü.
Would I were rich.
Fökh la kíkhmain.
If only he didn't sing off-key.
Öçek la che mnözçethsen pímathta.
May you have a pleasant journey.
Although the hortative is predominantly used in the present tense, wishes of this type may also be made in the past tense:
Chík bwelsíp söik íngözatsöing péretöing lé chíl fulsím öçkelím hanarhoin.
Ô, had the fleas of a thousand camels infested your armpits.
Sí lé aukhnöth nü.
Would I had been rich.
Fökh lé kíkhmain.
If only he hadn't sung off-key.
Öçek lé che mnözçethsen pímathta.
Ô, that you had had a pleasant journey.
Less commonly, the future tense may be used, especially if a future time is specifically mentioned in the utterance:
Shtanö fenfe lí téjü kétokh sho, chík bwelsíp söik íngözatsöing péretöing lí chíl fulsím öçkelím hanarhoin.
May the fleas of a thousand camels infest your armpits when you least expect it.
Sí lí chau shenkörsauv cha helkethlünsas aukhnöth vanü.
Would I became rich at next week's lottery.
Fökh lí chö ebrüjebsöv helkeböv kíkhmain.
May he not sing off-key at that contest.
Öçek lí che mnözçethsen che helkefastöthsev pímathta.
May you have a pleasant journey next month.
b) Many fixed expressions of politesse employ the hortative:
Se dalths techetneketh la öçkek nü.
May you be having a beautiful day.
(the most complete, polite way to say, "Good day.")
Sí la öçkek híhílel.
That I may beseech you.
(the most complete, polite way to say, "Please.")
Sí la öçkek síuthta.
That I may thank you.
(the most complete, polite way to say, "Thank you.")
Öçek la sít umpethta.
That you may (get to) know me.
(the most complete, polite way to say, "Pleased to meet you.")
Öçek la sík ngílon.
That you may forgive me.
(the most complete, polite way to say, "Excuse me./Sorry.")
Sí la vrauhathta.
That I may express regret.
(the most complete, polite way to say, "Sorry (to hear that)." for sth. not one's fault)
Sí la öçkek vétach.
That I may ask you.
(the most complete, polite way to say, "Excuse me." before asking a question)
Seth lav öçkek Géarthtörsaut kníör.
May one welcome you to Géarthtörs.
(the most complete, polite way to say, "Welcome to...")
The hortative verb alone is most often the most informal version of these expressions:
Híhílel.
Please.
Síuthta.
Thanks.
Umpethta.
Charmed.
Ngílon.
Excuse me./Sorry.
Vrauhathta.
Sorry.
Vétach.
Excuse me.
Kníör.
Welcome.
2) The hortative is also used in jussive expressions:
Ngeg la fau homsaut hauven sho, rheth la söi zhétsöit glor.
S'ils n'ont pas de pain, qu'ils mangent de la brioche.
If they don't have bread, let them eat cake.
Vböçü saur la shahöchensat ba ngamath üraf sho, saur la mömöl.
Since he wants to say something, let him/may he speak.
a) When the causative passive is used in the sense of "have sth. done", second person pronouns cannot occupy subject position because the causer is in the instrumental case (see
Causative Passive, Usage, 2), with the result that a direct imperative is not possible. Consequently, what might be an imperative sentence in other languages is a hortative sentence in Géarthnuns:
Chí éíails sítel lab öçken chí alsív sítelív lomahethta, híhílel.
DEF luggage-NOM my-NOM AUX.PRES.CAUSPASS 2SG-INSTR DEF room-LOC my-LOC take.up-HORT, please
Please have my luggage taken up to my room.
(lit.: May my luggage be made by you to be taken up.)
Péters lab öçken che töthset che hengedalthsev röthta, híhílel.
Please have Peter wash the car today.
(lit.: May Peter be made by you to wash the car.)
b) When second person pronouns are available for subject position, a hortative sentence may be interpreted in an optative sense, as above in 1):
Öçek la vír.
May you
succeed.
But in a jussive sense, the hortative takes on the role of an imperative aimed at no one in particular. Compare:
Seth la naiata'u fun. Fenfe la va péfuntapsat hünöçakakh.
It's raining outside. Don't forget your umbrella.
(imperative - I'm your mother and I'm talking to you)
vs.
Seth la naiata'u fun. Fenfe la va péfuntapsat nöçakach.
It's raining outside. Don't forget your umbrella.
(hortative - one might hear this as a bus announcement or from a radio or TV weather forecaster; one isn't necessarily addressing you specifically, but anyone who feels they might be the addressee. Hey, let's not forget that umbrella.)
This probably started out with the impersonal third person pronoun, in the style of the set expression for "Welcome" seen above. That is:
Seth la naiata'u fun. Feg lav va péfuntapsat nöçakach.
It's raining outside. May one not forget his/her umbrella.
However, the second person pronouns have gained increased currency over the last century as more personable, and used in conjunction with the hortative, are seen as nicely straddling the line between the impersonal hortative, delightfully polite but a bit distancing, and a direct imperative, a kid glove slap in the face if the context isn't just right. As a result, second person hortatives are often heard in public situations:
Chau maloshöthalörsauv, öçek/kfazh la chek vzovethsech hethta.
When alighting, take your personal effects with you.
Fenfe/Hésh lan vöik sékledhsöich ulvain.
Do not leave children unattended.
Public signage tries to utilize space effectively, so the subject pronouns and
shléts are usually dropped:
ÍEÍEPÖL
STOP
SÖKHFÍAZ
YIELD
Chí stíadalsít kétoch.
Mind the gap.
Va feldhaudepsat chloivéaz.
Don't step on the grass.
as they are in these ossified spoken and written forms:
Tetel gí.
Behold!/Lo!/Voilà!
Shashal gí.
Hark!/Hear ye!/Oyez!
With the truncated forms, curmudgeonly conservatives can interpret them as third person impersonals, those who like the personable approach can read in second person pronouns, and everybody is happy.
Second person hortatives also appear in the writing of recipes. The full form is normally used for the first instruction, with subsequent steps employing truncated sentences:
-
Öçek la chö tfaubsöt, chü íéraksüt, zhö chau bdhírsaut söi tíetsöiv öüna'u nothta.
-
Mix the flour, sugar, and baking soda thoroughly in a bowl.
-
Síl íölsím nadíwar.
-
Add two eggs.
3) The hortative is used in the first person dual or plural in suggestive imperative sense, often translated in English as "Let's":
Trízh la chau dhvénarsauv Laurelsíb zhö Hardíbauthseb sfen kadíaz.
Let's go to the party as Laurel ad Hardy.
Raizh la ví içdimtelsít helkelít kfövar.
Let's not rent that movie.
Makhlama la förhífaiaz!
Let's dance!
As with direct imperatives, if the context is clear, the subject pronoun and
shléts are frequently dispensed with:
Kadíaz. - Let's go.
Similarly, with context, body language, and intonation all in play, a negative interpretation is also possible:
Kadíaz. - Let's not go.
but, of course, the addition of a complement will remove any possible ambiguity in polarity:
Chü içdimtelímarangíksüv kadíaz. - Let's go to the cinema.
Vü içdimtelímarangídsüv kadíaz. - Let's not go to the cinema.
As with truncated direct imperatives, this is an intimate, in-group, familiar form of address. Using it on people outside of one's family and coterie, without an established rapport, sounds unduly casual and may elicit an averse or adverse reaction.
Sak Flaivonapwerinsap Sfönap - Other Example Sentences
Kupaiaz!
Help!
Chí panfalsít zçötapwíf!
Stop thief!
Let's party!
Stir-fried wug (a recipe)
Hengegíau chau radzöntölörsauv sík shajinhakfalíshevílsíng toulíng, ezhdölsíng palavelíng, zhö sauk shajinhakfalíchorsaung zhösheraung, chöi shajinhakfalíeskanets la gaiçö hengeveçö hepsönöi:
Agamírs:
Néçafömírs:
Noimírs:
Staumírs:
Kfangölímírs:
Ngamathemírs:
Ürafömírs: