Géarthnuns - The Thread

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Re: Géarthnuns - The Thread

Post by Lao Kou »

Chík Zhahakfalsíd Ésh Ezga'u Íe (I) - More About Nouns (I)

Chí Julzhahakfals - The "Ur-noun"

The gentle reader will recall that the citation form of a noun is in the nominative case marked by a föths, and that a thematic vowel, the pténíörs, is associated with the noun as it is declined:

Code: Select all

Declension			Föths		Pténíörs		 Example

Tfömebs				 abs		   ö		     öbelöbs - world
Shövars			         urs	           au		     böjars - economy
Spéngets			 its		   öi		     sasats - woman
Gwílöns                          öns               a                 ans - summer   
Ndöineks			 eks		   ü	             mníaks - water
Nrels				 auls		   í		     seböls - police		
Fpaukiths                        öiths             e                 gdonöths - weather
Along with the citation form is an underlying base form, the "ur-noun", where the föths is replaced by its corresponding plain letter (in other words, the [ s ] of the citation form is dropped, requiring an orthographic adjustment in the native script). The gentle reader will be examining some uses of the "ur-noun" below and may find it useful to keep the pténíörs in mind while proceeding:

Code: Select all

Declension			Example		Pténíörs		 Meaning

Tfömebs				öbelöb-		   ö                     world
Shövars			        böjar-		   au		         economy
Spéngets			sasat-		   öi			 woman
Gwílöns                         an-                a                     summer   
Ndöineks			mníak-	           ü	                 water
Nrels				seböl-		   í			 police		
Fpaukiths                       gdonöth-           e                     weather
Chík Ksírzhahakfalsíp - Compound Nouns

1) Compound nouns are formed in a manner similar to the Germanic languages, complete with various connecting Fugen. The patterns may be broken down as follows:

Category 1) By far the most widespread method for forming compounds is to use the appropriate pténíörs as the connector. The first noun of the compound is in the "ur-form", followed by its pténíörs, with the second noun in untouched citation form:

noun1-"ur-form" + noun1-pténíörs + noun2-citation formcompound noun

Examples:

öbelöb- (world) + ö + gadaks (war)öbelöbögadaks (world war)
böjar- (economy) + au + tsalniks (crisis)böjarautsalniks (economic crisis)
sasat- (woman) + öi + tezemars (doctor)sasatöitezemars (gynecologist)
an- (summer) + a + gnaiders (farewell banquet)anagnaiders (summer's end banquet)
mníak- (water) + ü + mers (wheel)mníakümers (water wheel)
seböl- (police) + í + marangíks (building)sebölímarangíks (police station)
gdonöth- (weather) + e + tílabs (ballon)gdonöthetílabs (weather balloon)

a) In the same way that stress is drawn to the penultimate syllable when a noun takes a case ending (see Stress here), e.g.:

öbelöbs [ˈøbɛˌløbs] → öbelöbsöt [ˌøbɛˈløbsøt] ; böjars [ˈbødʒaɾs] → böjarsaut [bøˈdʒaɾsɔt]

so, too, is a secondary stress drawn, where possible, to the syllable before the pténíörs in a compound noun:

öbelöbögadaks [ˌøbɛˌløbøˈgadaks]
böjarautsalniks [bøˌdʒaɾɔˈtsalnɪks]
sasatöitezemars [saˌsatøjˈtɛzɛˌmaɾs]
anagnaiders [ˌanaˈgnajdɛɾs]
mníakümers [ˌmnjakyˈmɛɾs]
sebölímarangíks [sɛˌbøliˈmaɾaˌŋiks]
gdonöthetílabs [gdoˌnøθɛˈtilabs]

b) With five of the declensions for noun1, if noun2 starts with a vowel, the pténíörs is not added and stress is unaffected:

öbelöb- (world) + öths (literature)öbelöböths [ˌøbɛløbˈøθs] (world literature)
ger- (street) + amureths (hotel)geramureths [gɛɾˈamuɾɛθs] (motel)
mnéföt- (south) + Afríkasars (Africa)Mnéfötafríkasars [ˌmneføtˈafɾikaˌsaɾs] (South Africa)
rhízan- (turkey, bird) + altens (meat)rhízanaltens [ˌXiʒanalˈtɛ̃s] (turkey, meat)
jdaiöth- (time) + aubüvíks (coinciding)jdaiöthaubüvíks [ˌdʒdaɪ.øθˈɔbyˌviks] (juncture/moment in time)

With nouns of the ndöineks declension, the pténíörs ü is left out in certain compounds, stress unaffected:

mníak- (water) + angíns (path)mníakangíns [mnjaˈkaŋĩs] (waterway)

while it occurs in others. In these cases, the ü may be pronounced as [y], affecting secondary stress, or realized as [ɥ], leaving stress unaffected:

mníak- (water) + ü + obs (pressure)mníaküobs [ˌmnjak.yˈobs] (3 syllables) or [mnjaˈkɥobs] (2 syllables) (water pressure)

With nouns of the nrels declension, the pténíörs í is always retained before a vowel, its pronunciation is realized as [j], and stress is unaffected:

ktul- (record, file) + í + als (room)ktulíals [ktuˈljals] (file room, archives)

c) With all seven declensions for noun1, if noun2 starts with a syllabic nasal, the pténíörs is not added and stress is unaffected:

ngérhüjeb- (bicycle) + nrönsets (brake)ngérhüjebnrönsets [ŋeˌXydʒɛb.nˈɾø̃sɛts] (bicycle brake)
zhdör- (kitchen) + ngkéls (salt)zhdörngkéls [ˌʒdøɾ.ŋˈkels] (table/common salt)
sasat- (woman) + mbepfévans (low voice)sasatmbepfévans [ˌsasatˌm.bɛˈpfevãs] (alto)
thrin- (hand) + mveks (gun)thrinmveks [ˌθɾɪn.mˈvɛks] (handgun)
vaçik- (silver) + ngkfeçüls (ring)vaçikngkfeçüls [ˌvaɕɪkˌŋ.kfɛˈɕyls] (silver ring)
hül- (flying) + nraiths (round, shiny object)hülnraiths [ˌhyl.nˈɾajθs] (shaken, 車剣; ninja star)
vlangeth- (sausage) + mvabs (soup)vlangethmvabs [ˌvlaŋɛθ.mˈvabs] (sausage soup)

exception: n- + ngn- + a + ng
chín- (peppermint) + a + nggasels (tisane)chínanggasels (peppermint tea)
guwen- (briny beach smell) + a + ngkéls (salt)guwenangkéls (smelling salts)

N.B.: As this is the largest category of compound nouns, if daring gentle readers venture to form compounds on their own, it is recommended that they try this strategy first. Even if the ad hoc coinage is unattested or incorrect, it will most likely be understood by native speakers what one is trying to communicate.

Category 2) Another, less common way to form compound nouns is to use -e- as the connecting Fuge, regardless of noun1's declension:

noun1-"ur-form" + e + noun2-citation formcompound noun

Examples:

ngaib- (fire) + e + zhlabs (wood, timber)ngaibezhlabs (match)
mör- (sun) + e + röibs (bending, leaning)möreröibs (sunflower)
vit- (falling from high) + e + zçadabs (crash)vitezçadabs (plane crash)
sün- (authorities) + e + síts (till, purse)sünesíts (central (reserve) bank)
mníak- (water) + e + rhöls (cart)mníakerhöls (colander)
kel- (picture) + e + fels (representation)kelefels (diagram)

N.B.: For nouns of the fpaukiths declension, Category 2 is rather moot, as their pténíörs and the -e- Fuge, and consequently Category 1 and Category 2 forms, are the same:

töth- (car) + e + kféwehénens (registration)töthekféwehénens (car registration)

Secondary stress considerations are the same as with compounds with a pténíörs:

ngaibezhlabs [ˌŋajbɛˈʒlabs]
möreröibs [ˌmøɾɛˈɾøjbs]
vitezçadabs [ˌvɪtɛˈʑadabs]
sünesíts [ˌsynɛˈsits]
mníakerhöls [ˌmnjakɛˈXøls]
kelefels [ˌkɛlɛˈfɛls]
töthekféwehénens [ˌtøθɛˌkfeʋɛˈhenɛ̃s]

Category 3) Forming compound nouns may also be done by simply joining the two nouns with no connector. Stress patterns remain unchanged:

noun1-"ur-form" + noun2-citation formcompound noun

Examples:

aub- (mountain) + chabíörs (savory, herb)aubchabíörs [ˌɔbtʃaˈbjøɾs] (winter savory)
mníster- (apple) + pavans (must)mnísterpavans [ˌmnistɛɾpaˈvãs] (cider)
hat- (bride) + çöths (trousseau chest)hatçöths [hatˈɕøθs] (dowry)
kün- (musk) + jürs (wine)künjürs [kynˈdʒyɾs] (muscatel)
mníak- (water) + ramuks (tube)mníakramuks [ˌmnjakɾaˈmuks] (hose)
tel- (seeing) + kals (ability)telkals [tɛlˈkals] (vision, sight)
deth- (beer) + sídurs (artisanal shop)dethsídurs [ˌdɛθsiˈduɾs] (brewery)

If the last letter of noun1 and the first letter of noun2 are the same, the compound will often fall under the Category 3 pattern. As double letters are not allowed orthographically (see The Alphabet, item 19, here), one of the letter is dropped for the compound:

chab- (tea) + bestöls (cup)chabestöls [ˌtʃabɛˈstøls] (tea cup)

Category 4) Finally, some compound nouns are formed with an irregular Fuge, seemingly just 'cuz. Secondary stress considerations are the same as with compounds with a pténíörs:

küfer- (miniature) + í + bíölens (Brassica)küferíbíölens [kyˌfɛɾiˈbjølɛ̃s] (Brussels sprout)
an- (summer) + ö + sers (month)anösers [ˌanøˈsɛɾs] (June)
dön- (flank) + é + burs (tree)dönéburs [ˌdøneˈbuɾs] (tree used for lining a street)
kwail- (parcelling) + o + vüls (data)kwailovüls [ˌkwajloˈvyls] (fraction)

(N.B.: Additional examples will be edited in as they are found in the le
Last edited by Lao Kou on 02 Nov 2018 14:47, edited 13 times in total.
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Re: Géarthnuns - The Thread

Post by Lao Kou »

Chík Zhahakfalsíd Ésh Ezga'u Íe (II) - More About Nouns (II)

Chö Tsénobs - Calling and Addressing

Géarthnuns has no vocative case per se. When one wishes to call or address someone, using the nominative case is always safe and never incorrect:

Íöhans, chöi papakets la shöl.
John, the baby is crying.

De öçek la hö, Bruts?
Et tu, Brute?

Abs, öçek la sü rhabaks nöi.
You, sir, are a fool.

(from here)

Indeed, in the plural, dual, and septimal numbers, the nominative is the only vocative form available:

Ervensap zhö Absöp - Ladies and Gentleman
Sékletsöizh - (You two) kids
Shadnöbsöth - Dwarves

However in the singular, one may use the "ur-form" of a noun vocatively, where it lends an air of extreme fondness and familiarity.

Íöhan, chöi papakets la shöl.
John, the baby is crying.

In addition to given names, some other nouns that may get the "ur-noun" vocative treatment are:

Mar - Mom
Maralan - Mother
Dhab - Dad/Father
Kfain - Sis
Íansöl - Dear/Sweetie
Zhömauíör - (My) Friend

As this is an intimate, in-group, familiar form of address, it creates a warm fuzzy when aimed at the right people in a private context, but it is considered inconsiderate and especially exclusive when used in front of others. At a dinner party, for example, no one would begrudge the host(ess) one errantly slipped "ur-noun" "Sweetie, would you mind getting us some more roast beef, please?". After all, in theory, one is supposed to have some degree of affection for one's significant other. But a little of that goes a very long way, and an entire evening of that is likely to come off about as well as using baby talk and blowing kisses across the table. Guests will feel increasingly uncomfortable and put off by their hosts' apparent lack of concern for their feelings, and will most likely be busy if the hosts later suggest that "We simply must do this again some time." "Íansöls", in the nominative, by contrast, shows that one cares, without gushing, about the person spoken to as well as the comfort of the other people present -- the mark of a good host(ess).

On a darker note, using "ur-noun" vocatives at people one does not know is a clear mark of derision and contempt, and one should anticipate a certain amount of push-back. To wit, rolling down the window:

Mva hau, Seböls?” - "Yes, Officer?" vs.
Mva hau, Seböl?” - "Yeah, Pig?" (oh, you're getting that ticket, and that may be the least of your worries)

Rhabaks!” - "You schmuck!" (not nice, for sure; maybe some words will be exchanged)
Rhabak!” - "Dooouchebaaag!" (expect a tussle)

N.B.: In the above example clearly intended to insult: „Abs, öçek la sü rhabaks nöi.” - "You, sir, are a fool.", the "ur-noun", "*Ab" is not possible as the derisive form of the respectful term is considered nonsensical.

So if one minds one's p's and q's, and in Géarthnuns, one's final s's, one should do just fine.

The Géarthçins would not call the "ur-noun" a "vocative", and they most assuredly would not think of calling it a "case". It lacks a föths, has no negative form, does not take declensional endings, and most importantly, does not fit into the mythos of seven. The Géarthçins simply refer to this usage as "calling and addressing", and one would be wise to follow suit. Attempts at "walks like a duck, quacks like a duck" discussions will not make one popular and will most likely come to naught. Other "ur-noun" uses and forms of address are discussed below.

Chauk Sersaup - Surnames

Indigenous surnames, which go first in Géarthnuns, are either "ur-nouns" or, less frequently, "ur-nouns" with their appropriate pténíörs. A comprehensive list of surnames has yet to be compiled by the Academia, but there are certainly a goodly number which, like Japanese, come from features of the rural landscape and geographic landmarks.

Zçövatsénöl - hydrangea gate
Sharhönakír - pine knoll
Vnaurölí - cairn
Ptérau - temple

Since surnames are formed from "ur-nouns", they are defective and cannot be declined. As such, to be incorporated grammatically into an utterance, they must be followed by a person's given name or some sort of title, which in Géarthnuns are declinable:

Vnaurölí Élízabets - Elizabeth Vnaurölí
Vnaurölí Ervens - Mrs. Vnaurölí (married or older)
Vnaurölí Sals - Miss Vnaurölí (unmarried or younger)
Vnaurölí Sébastíans - Sebastian Vnaurölí
Vnaurölí Abs - Mr. Vnaurölí (married or older)
Vnaurölí Sfets - Mr./Master Vnaurölí (unmarried or younger)
Vnaurölí Héperans - Professor Vnaurölí
Vnaurölí Alürheths - President Vnaurölí*

Non-indigenous surnames, also invariable, get the same treatment as their indigenous counterparts, and titles may certainly be added as above. For foreign given names, if they fit readily into one of the seven declensions, they are dealt with that way; if they do not, they take the suffix "-bauths", discussed in the third post of the thread (here):

Obama Alüdlers - President Obama*
Obama Baraks - Barack Obama
Abé Alüdzerats - Prime Minister Abe but
Abé Çínzobauths - Shinzō Abe

* "alüdlers" is a president in a full presidential system whereas "alürheths" is used in a semi-presidential system.

Outside of possible roll-calling scenarios, the chances of using full personal names vocatively seem indeed limited, and using "ur-noun" vocatives in such contexts would appear antithetical to the point of being ungrammatical. However, there are times when one may wish to address someone, formally and normally, by their surname and a title:

Vnaurölí Héperans, sí la öçkek ba vétakh kalaf.
Professor Vnaurölí, I'd like to ask you a question.

Zçövatsénöl Ervens, chö helkebs la chö ngarebs öçkelab chík rízçethzölsísh hönöi?
Mrs. Zçövatsénöl, is that your dog in the tulips?

As one moves from talking to people with forms of address to talking about them in the third person, full personal names remain unchanged:

Sí lé Vnaurölí Sébastíansat cha hengerhínsav chö dnévözhebsöv thnöveçíbrön.
I ran into Sebastian Vnaurölí in the park this afternoon.

Öçek lé chöi içmölíshemetsöit Sharhönakír Matíathsek högamez?! Íííííí!
Did you give your phone number to Matt Sharhönakír?! Eeeeee!

Surnames with titles, however, act as though in apposition, which will be dealt with below.

Chau Böraufnazhers - Apposition

1) When two nouns are set in apposition to one another and the second is accompanied by an article, that article is placed after the second noun:

chau alüdlers, Washingtön Jorjbauths - the president, George Washington

can become:

Washingtön Jorjbauths, alüdlers chau - George Washington, the president

If modifiers are added, the article may go before or after the modifiers, the choice being considered primarily stylistic:

Washingtön Jorjbauths, alüdlers sírfír chau - George Washington, the first president
or
Washingtön Jorjbauths, alüdlers chau sírfír - George Washington, the first president

2) Nouns in apposition take the same case to indicate their role in a phrase:

Washingtön Jorjbauths, alüdlers sírfír chau, lé Vörjiníasarsauv féten.
George Washington, the first president, was born in Virginia.

Che helkesalthsev, sí lí Élízabetsöit, kfainsat cha, aidhlübízh.
I'm going to visit Elizabeth, my sister, tomorrow.

Shtanö trízh lé Maudíaurorsagsarsauv mal sho, trízh lé söi slivovitsöit, avézhesheseküjürsaut sau, dimvél.
When we were in Hungary, we tried some slivovitz, a plum brandy.

Trízh lé Sentendresarsauv, ínsav sa Budapeshtsöib ftau, ba bíören zgönteun.
We ended up staying in Szentendre, a town near Budapest.

3) By extension or analogy, with full names and titles used in the third person, one has gone from:

Washingtön Jorjbauths, alüdlers chau - George Washington, the president

to:

Washingtön Jorjbauths Alüdlers chau - President George Washington
and
Obama Baraks Alüdlers chau - President Barack Obama
Abé Çínzobauths Alüdzerats chöi - Prime Minister Shinzō Abe

reducing further in the third person to:

Obama Alüdlers chau - President Obama
Abé Alüdzerats chöi - Prime Minister Abe
Elizabeths Öns cha - Queen Elizabeth

and mere mortals mentioned above:

Vnaurölí Héperans cha - Professor Vnaurölí
Zçövatsénöl Ervens cha - Mrs. Zçövatsénöl

Sí lé Vnaurölí Héperansak cha ba vétakh üraf, arkfö fap lé fít dvíöz.
I wanted to ask Professor Vnaurölí a question, but he didn't call on me.

Chö ngarebs Zçövatsénöl Ervensas cha lé chík rízçethzölsích tsügöshaf.
Mrs. Zçövatsénöl's dog was digging up the tulips.

An article following a noun is not limited to apposition, where it is obligatory. It may also be used optionally in certain other contexts to add rhetorical flourish:

Che hengedalthsev, shtanö sí la mbeth sho, fí la ve rhenggegset zhö va íaswopsat héshel nair wöngedrözh.
DEF today-LOC, when-CONJ 1SG-NOM AUX.PRES look.back PTCL, 1SG-NOM.NEG AUX.PRES DEF.NEG pride-ACC.NEG and DEF.NEG gratitude-ACC.NEG 2PL-DAT.NEG only-ADV feel
Today, when I look back, I can only feel pride and gratitude to you.

Rhenggethset che, chek zçalíkfoshköthsed ezgauthed vaçka, chethech makhlama lö chek sömöthsesh hengethesh makhlamaníe aubü bnoduzh.
pride-ACC DEF, DEF.PL good.one-POST.PL many-POST.PL because.of, REL-ACC.PL 1PL-NOM AUX.PRESPRF DEF.PL year-LOC.PL this-LOC.PL ourselves-ADV together-ADV achieve
Pride for the many good things we have achieved together over the years.

Íaswonsat cha, cha nggansab vaçka, chanat kfazh lö orha sík, çörau che mnuthset sítethet höi sau nérs réastör che höthseb, chöi sakhüetsöib, zhö chau ejavírsaub thfau ban nöi gamez.
gratitude-ACC DEF, DEF support-POST because.of, REL-ACC 2PL-NOM AUX.PRESPRF and 1SG-DAT, such.as.to DEF reign-ACC 1SG.POSS.ADJ-ACC PTCL INDEF period-NOM long-NOM DEF peace-POST, DEF stability-POST, and DEF progress-POST id.est PTCL.CAUS be give
And gratitude for the support you have given me to make my reign a long period of peace, stability and progress.

Sak Flaivonapwerinsap Sfönap - Other Example Sentences

The complete speech of the above extract may be found here:

Speech of King Juan Carlos I

Çí Alürheths che lé cha thrinsat Abé Alüdzeratsöik chöi gamez.
Xi President-NOM DEF AUX.PAST DEF hand-ACC Abe Prime.Minister-DAT DEF give
President Xi shook hands with Prime Minister Abe.

Chü Ökfezvaks, Öbelöbökfetars chau chí Zvakíalsís, lét che 1948-fíthsev pswaudözh.
DEF WHO-NOM, World.organization-NOM DEF DEF Health-GEN, AUX.PRES.PASS DEF 1948.ordinal.one-LOC found
WHO, the World Health Organization, was founded in 1948.

Frants Ferdinantsöit Gahéríölsít chí chü ötvéksüv, chü Öbelöbögadaks Sírfík lét kíkfeth.
Francis.Ferdinand-ACC Archduke-ACC DEF DEF assassination-LOC, DEF World.War-NOM First-NOM AUX.PAST.PASS initiate
World War I started after the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand.

Sík kangufelsíp ezgaulíp la chü böjarautsalniksüs bithermeküs miçnakh: Sírfíls chí...
INDEF.PL reason-NOM.PL many-NOM.PL AUX.PRES DEF economy.crisis-GEN current-GEN there.be: first.one-NOM DEF
There are many reasons for the current economic crisis: (The) first...

Sentence 4 of the Snowball Game

Sentence 5 of the Snowball Game

Sentence 65 of the Snowball Game

Sentence 175 of the Snowball Game

Dr. Seuss

We conlangers

We three kings/You pranksters

Dude

Yuri Gagarin

Lexember 8, 2014

Lexember 24, 2014
Last edited by Lao Kou on 25 Mar 2016 05:29, edited 10 times in total.
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Re: Géarthnuns - The Thread

Post by Lao Kou »

Chík Zhahakfalsíd Ésh Ezga'u Íe (III) - More About Nouns (III)

Chík Shajinhakfalsíp ⇌ Chík Zhahakfalsíp - Verbs ⇌ Nouns

Chakh Shajinhakfalímensath - The Conjugations

Although the gentle reader has encountered a goodly amount of information regarding verbs, the conjugations have not been introduced until now. This is because the only difference among them is in the formation of the hortative, to be presented later. However, a familiarity with the conjugations will prove useful in forming nouns out of verbs and vice versa.

It should not come as a major surprise that the Géarthçins count seven conjugations:

First: -f
Examples:
vangaf - fly
palenguf - leave
gíf - bind
halsöf - settle
dlübef - feed
nthérauf - simmer
dhökferöif - film

Second: -zh
Examples:
vazh - buy
fuzh - write
vízh - succeed
glozh - eat
ngövezh - pay
gzunpízh - mean
soraubvadezh - slow-cook

Third: -z
Examples:
förhífaz - dance
vebuz - worsen
kadiz - go
shöz - run
nzdanez - walk
auz - fetch
öiz - cover one's eyes

Fourth: -n
Examples:
mölman - sing
fun - rain
frin - suffice
íaswön - be grateful
ven - have
radzön - show
sesinaplen - condole

Fifth: -kh
Examples:
zhövakh - freeze
gvusukh - be likely
ökfíkh - receive
nggavökh - kill
thubekh - recover
dhgaukh - screw (vulg.)
dvétekh - bang

Sixth: -l
Examples:
rhal - read
auçpul - tear
mpril - be annoyed
söl - love
íönsel - play
dnaul - copy
dzöil - persuade

Seventh: -th
Examples:
pímath - travel
síuth - thank
leversíth - start
ngeföth - grant
sheruteth - wish
thauth - come
gdöith - imagine

Chík Shajinhakfalsích ⇌ Chík Zhahakfalsích Chü Tubílíbdönöks - Verbs ⇌ Noun Derivation

Lining up the conjugations with the appropriate declension, which it took Academia grammars quite a while to do, this derivational pattern between verbs and nouns is as follows:

Code: Select all

Conjugation	Final Letter	⇌	 Föths	 Declension

First				 -f		   ⇌	  -bs		Tfömebs
Second			   -zh	     ⇌	  -rs		Shövars
Third			    -z	      ⇌	  -ts		Spéngets
Fourth            -n         ⇌     -ns      Gwílöns   
Fifth				 -kh	     ⇌	  -ks	   Ndöineks
Sixth			    -l		   ⇌	  -ls		Nrels			
Seventh           -th        ⇌     -ths     Fpaukiths
First:
Examples:
üraf - want → ürafürabsürabs - wanting, desire
palenguf - leave → palengufpalengubspalengubs - leaving, departure
íf - consume → ífíbsíbs - consumption
héf - sleep → fbshébs - sleep

Second:
Examples:
vazh - buy → vazhvarsvars - buying
skéhalglozh - have lunch → skéhalglozhskéhalglorsskéhalglors - lunch
kfesízh - unite → kfesízhkfesírskfesírs - unity
mözh - be sunny → zhrsmörs - sun

Third:
Examples:
kupaz - help, assist → kupazkupatskupats - help, assistance
zçarhuz - establish, found → zçarhuzzçarhutszçarhuts - establishment, foundation
linz - catch fire → linzlintslints - flambé, flash fire
shwétöz - offer, provide → shwétözshwétötsshwétöts - provision

Fourth:
Examples:
an - become summer → anansans - summer
fun - rain → funfunsfuns - rain
rhagaçön - remember → rhagaçönrhagaçönsrhagaçöns - memory
brin - be important, matter → brinbrinsbrins - key idea

N.B.: Due to the nature of fourth conjugation hortatives, the final vowel in a verb may become a vowel shumatsöin as the verb becomes a noun:

bzhun - bring to a close → bzhunbzhünsbzhüns - bringing to a close
hin - use → hinhínshíns - use
tetehön - bargain → tetehöntetehonstetehons - bargaining

Under such circumstances, two derived meanings may be possible:

heben - bomb → hebenhebénshebéns - bombing
heben - bomb → hebenhebenshebens - bomb

Fifth:
Examples:
zdaíakh - burn down → zdaíakhzdaíakszdaíaks - (destructive) fire
pwakösníkh - break (a bone) → pwakösníkhpwakösníkspwakösníks - fracture
gívaudrökh - wrestle → gívaudrökhgívaudröksgívaudrökhs - wrestling
bekh - connect → bekhbeksbeks - connection

Sixth:
Examples:
pshörhal - state → pshörhalpshörhalspshörhals - statement
möl - speak → llsmöls - speech
dhísegrél - operate, perform surgery → dhísegréldhísegrélsdhísegréls - operation, surgery
fel - depict, represent → felfelsfels - depiction, representation

N.B.: Due to the nature of sixth conjugation hortatives, another derived meaning may, albeit rarely, occur:

fel - depict, represent → felfefelsfefels - image

Seventh:
Examples:
pímath - travel → pímathpímathspímaths - travel
síuth - thank → síuthsíuthssíuths - thank-you gift
ngköleth - be aware → ngkölethngkölethsngköleths - awareness
gzhöinauth - be coy → gzhöinauthgzhöinauthsgzhöinauths - coyness

Chü Hínabdönöks - Usage

When the derived noun retains the sense of a verbal noun, it may be used in the same capacity as a gerund, with a slightly higher brow, literary flavor. These sentences from the post on the locative case may now seem more transparent:

Frants Ferdinantsöit Gahéríölsít chí chü ötvéksüv, chü Öbelöbögadaks Sírfík lét kíkfeth.
World War I started after the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand.

ötvékh - assassinate ⇌ ötvéks - assassination

Chü marangíksüt sherönuküt che híenzöthsev, sö dnévözhebs rhashpeb la bat öf kalokh.
With the destruction of the old building, a new park can be constructed.

híenzöth - destroy ⇌ híenzöths - destruction

Sak Flaivonapwerinsap - Example Sentences

Sí la chöi ötenötsöit öçkelatöit shaumidaz.
I accept your invitation.

ötenöz - invite ⇌ ötenöts - invitation
Last edited by Lao Kou on 05 Jan 2015 12:02, edited 1 time in total.
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Re: Géarthnuns - The Thread

Post by Lao Kou »

Chí Çédezhdöls - The Causative

Chü Tubílíbdönöks - Formation

To form the causative, the instrumental -n of the nominal declensions is affixed to the shléts:

lalanlan

la glozh - eats, is eating, does eat
lan glozh - makes/has eat, is making/having eat

la gdez - throws, is throwing, does throw
lan gdez - makes/has throw, is making/having throw

la inth - reads aloud, is reading aloud, does read aloud
lan inth - makes/has read aloud, is making/having read aloud

With the three tenses, four voices, and four moods introduced thus far, the verb paradigm now looks like this:

Indicative:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Present	    Past         Future		     
Active           la gamez      lé gamez	  lí gamez     			    
Passive          lat gamez     lét gamez    lít gamez
Dative Passive   lak gamez     lék gamez    lík gamez
Causative        lan gamez     lén gamez    lín gamez
Interrogative:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Present	    Past          Future		     
Active           la högamez    lé högamez    lí högamez	       			    
Passive          lat högamez   lét högamez   lít högamez 
Dative Passive   lak högamez   lék högamez   lík högamez
Causative        lan högamez   lén högamez   lín högamez 
Speculative:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Present	     Past           Future		     
Active           la haugamez    lé haugamez    lí haugamez	       			    
Passive          lat haugamez   lét haugamez   lít haugamez 
Dative Passive   lak haugamez   lék haugamez   lík haugamez
Causative        lan haugamez   lén haugamez   lín haugamez 
Conclusive:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Present	     Past           Future		     
Active           la hegamez     lé hegamez     lí hegamez	       			    
Passive          lat hegamez    lét hegamez    lít hegamez 
Dative Passive   lak hegamez    lék hegamez    lík hegamez
Causative        lan hegamez    lén hegamez    lín hegamez 
Chü Hínabdönöks - Usage

Somewhere in the hoariest hoarfrosts of time, there must have been a period where a noun in the instrumental case in an active sentence could be made a subject in the nominative and the instrumental marker attached to the shléts, with other cases dos-à-dos-ing and attendant topic-focus shenanigans allowed to occur. From those murky beginnings evolved the causative voice as one knows it today:

1) With intransitive verbs, the causer is in the nominative case and the causee is in the accusative:

Chau öinörs lén che frömarethset inth.
The teacher had the student read aloud.

Chaul zhbéörsauzh lan sít che fandalthsev sau ömkursaub srem híau twan.
My parents make me practice a half-hour every day.

Cha jaflens lan chö öbelöbsöt merntröz.
Money makes the world go around.

Che hengeths lan sít tha'u shtegöl -- flaní tha'u shtegöl!
This makes me very angry -- very angry, indeed!

2) With transitive verbs, the causer is in the nominative case, the causee is in the accusative, the particle höi is inserted, and the object of the underlying sentence is also in the accusative:

lén Pétersaut höi che töthset röth.
I had Peter wash the car.

Chau öinörs lén che frömarethset höi chau rhalízçersaut inth.
The teacher had the student read the passage aloud.

Elements between höi and the main verb are part of the underlying sentence, while elements before höi are part of the larger, causativized sentence:

Chau öinörs lén che frömarethset höi chau rhalízçersaut chau shebersauk inth.
The teacher had the student read the passage aloud to the class.

Chaul zhbéörsauzh lan sít höipförshalsít chö dunabsön che fandalthsev sau kursaub srem híau twan.
My parents make me practice a concerto on the piano for an hour every day.

Sí la che shírethset hengethet gníeftö haushal sho, seth lan sít höi chö béöbsöt helkebü hembeth.
Whenever I hear this song, it makes me think of home.

3) With copulative verbs, höi is also used, though the predicate noun or adjective which follows it is in the nominative:

Chí içdimtels hengel lín sanat höi se dhgüréths vanöi.
This film will make her a star. (= make become)

Chí lözetals hengedínal lan chau rursaut hengeraut höinstelféngebs zçenöi.
The local chamber of commerce is gradually turning this hamlet into a tourist attraction. (= make slowly become)

Fauk afstímsaup sebutemaup fe dalgsev síregev lan vek frömaregsech höi sfalökegep nöi.
Four exams in one day is not making the students happy. (= make be)

Öçek lí söböt hauhazh sho, söb lín öçket höi önchaun alfana'u hesénöi.
If you marry him, he will keep you poor forever. (= make stay/remain)

Öçek la chö ngarebsök rhté dlübef, öçek lan söböt höi dhüb rhté hezçenöi.
The more you feed your dog, the fatter you make it. (= make slowly become)

4) The meaning of the causative may be modified through the use of certain adverbs which most often translate into English as separate verbs. These adverbs form a subset within a subset of adverbs in Géarthnuns which agree with the shléts of the clause in tense (citation form is the present tense). Among them:

mnérha - let, allow

Teg lan vö ngarekhsöt ví vífsív mnérha héf.
They don't let their dog sleep on the bed.

Teg lén vö ngarekhsöt ví vífsív mnérhé héf.
They didn't let their dog sleep on the bed.

Teg lín vö ngarekhsöt ví vífsív mnérhí héf.
They won't let their dog sleep on the bed.

çéda - cause

Chöi zaríanakfötekets lan chek vethsech chau zarsauv çéda vurwaz.
Gravity causes the objects to fall to the ground.

Chöi zaríanakfötekets lén chek vethsech chau zarsauv çédé vurwaz.
Gravity caused the objects to fall to the ground.

Chöi zaríanakfötekets lín chek vethsech chau zarsauv çédí vurwaz.
Gravity will cause the objects to fall to the ground.

nda - force, compel

Se gdonöths vebuteth lan chau bvömarsaut höi chö içvangabsöt nda malozhangazh.
Bad weather is forcing the pilot to land the plane.

Se gdonöths vebuteth lén chau bvömarsaut höi chö içvangabsöt ndé malozhangazh.
Bad weather forced the pilot to land the plane.

Se gdonöths vebuteth lín chau bvömarsaut höi chö içvangabsöt ndí malozhangazh.
Bad weather will force the pilot to land the plane.

vdöirha - help

Sau fanfurs lan chau zhangazalörsaut vdöirha balaf.
A styptic pencil helps stop the bleeding.

Sau fanfurs lén chau zhangazalörsaut vdöirhé balaf.
A styptic pencil helped stop the bleeding.

Sau fanfurs lín chau zhangazalörsaut vdöirhí balaf.
A styptic pencil will help stop the bleeding.

ptíva - ask (for) s.o. to

Sí lan sanat höi chí gefrölsít sítelít ptíva vaprölal.
I'm asking her to autograph my book.

Sí lén sanat höi chí gefrölsít sítelít ptívé vaprölal.
I asked her to autograph my book.

Sí lín sanat höi chí gefrölsít sítelít ptíví vaprölal.
I'll ask her to autograph my book.

kfaikta - prompt, spur

Chí tvéíaurhels lan sök ívabsöch höi sa jaflensat spunönat nrö kfaikta vgöth.
The recession is prompting consumers to spend less money.

Chí tvéíaurhels lén sök ívabsöch höi sa jaflensat spunönat nrö kfaikté vgöth.
The recession prompted consumers to spend less money.

Chí tvéíaurhels lín sök ívabsöch höi sa jaflensat spunönat nrö kfaiktí vgöth.
The recession will prompt consumers to spend less money.

zçüpa - teach (how to)

Chau ptaukhlürs lan sít höi sö ngérhüjebsöt zçüpa zdíf.
My uncle is teaching me to ride a bicycle.

Chau ptaukhlürs lén sít höi sö ngérhüjebsöt zçüpé zdíf.
My uncle taught me to ride a bicycle.

Chau ptaukhlürs lín sít höi sö ngérhüjebsöt zçüpí zdíf.
My uncle is going to teach me to ride a bicycle.

rhtota - prevail ((up)on) s.o. to

Makhlama lan bethem höi chau lérwenhíarsaut rhtota pef.
We are prevailing on them to join our committee.

Makhlama lén bethem höi chau lérwenhíarsaut rhtoté pef.
We prevailed on them to join our committee.

Makhlama lín bethem höi chau lérwenhíarsaut rhtotí pef.
We shall prevail upon them to join our committee.

(N.B.: Additional examples will be edited in as they are found in the lexicon.)

Sak Flaivonapwerinsap Sfönap - Other Example Sentences

Causative!

Causative - Cooks, cakes, & customers

Some Causative Sentences with a Promise of Cake

The Queen's Speech

On Green Tea

Sentence 173 of the Snowball Game

Sentence 229 of ths Snowball Game

Sentence 231 of the Snowball Game

Lexember 9, 2014

Lexember 19, 2014

Lexember 27, 2014

Hengegíau chau radzöntölörsauv sík shajinhakfalíshevílsíng toulíng, ezhdölsíng sebutelíng, zhö sauk shajinhakfalíchorsaung sebuteraung, chöi shajinhakfalíeskanets la gaiçö hengeveçö hepsönöi:

Agamírs:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Ashevíls	   Éshevíls     Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la gamez      lé gamez	  lí gamez     			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat gamez     lét gamez    lít gamez
Gamezhdöls       lak gamez     lék gamez    lík gamez
Çédezhdöls       lan gamez     lén gamez    lín gamez
Néçafömírs:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Ashevíls	   Éshevíls      Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la högamez    lé högamez    lí högamez	       			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat högamez   lét högamez   lít högamez 
Gamezhdöls       lak högamez   lék högamez   lík högamez
Çédezhdöls       lan högamez   lén högamez   lín högamez
Noimírs:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Ashevíls	    Éshevíls       Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la haugamez    lé haugamez    lí haugamez	       			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat haugamez   lét haugamez   lít haugamez 
Gamezhdöls       lak haugamez   lék haugamez   lík haugamez
Çédezhdöls       lan haugamez   lén haugamez   lín haugamez
Staumírs:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Ashevíls	    Éshevíls       Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la hegamez     lé hegamez     lí hegamez	       			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat hegamez    lét hegamez    lít hegamez
Gamezhdöls       lak hegamez    lék hegamez    lík hegamez
Çédezhdöls       lan hegamez    lén hegamez    lín hegamez
Last edited by Lao Kou on 01 Nov 2016 12:43, edited 12 times in total.
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Re: Géarthnuns - The Thread

Post by Lao Kou »

Chí Babezhdöls - The Causative Passive

Chü Tubílíbdönöks - Formation

To form the causative passive, the postpositional -b of the nominal declensions is affixed to the shléts:

lalablab

la glozh - eats, is eating, does eat
lab glozh - is made to eat, is being made to eat//makes/has (be) eaten, is making/having (be) eaten, does make/have (be) eaten

la gdez - throws, is throwing, does throw
lab gdez - is made to throw, is being made to throw//makes/has (be) throw, is making/having (be) thrown, does make/have (be) thrown

la inth - reads aloud, is reading aloud, does read aloud
lab inth - is made to read aloud, is being made to read aloud//makes/has (be) read aloud, is making/having (be) read aloud, does make/have (be) read aloud

With the three tenses, five voices, and four moods introduced thus far, the verb paradigm now looks like this:

Indicative:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Present	    Past         Future		     
Active           la gamez      lé gamez	  lí gamez     			    
Passive          lat gamez     lét gamez    lít gamez
Dative Passive   lak gamez     lék gamez    lík gamez
Causative        lan gamez     lén gamez    lín gamez
Caus. Passive    lab gamez     léb gamez    líb gamez
Interrogative:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Present	    Past          Future		     
Active           la högamez    lé högamez    lí högamez	       			    
Passive          lat högamez   lét högamez   lít högamez 
Dative Passive   lak högamez   lék högamez   lík högamez
Causative        lan högamez   lén högamez   lín högamez 
Caus. Passive    lab högamez   léb högamez   líb högamez
Speculative:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Present	     Past           Future		     
Active           la haugamez    lé haugamez    lí haugamez	       			    
Passive          lat haugamez   lét haugamez   lít haugamez 
Dative Passive   lak haugamez   lék haugamez   lík haugamez
Causative        lan haugamez   lén haugamez   lín haugamez
Caus. Passive    lab haugamez   léb haugamez   líb haugamez
Conclusive:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Present	     Past           Future		     
Active           la hegamez     lé hegamez     lí hegamez	       			    
Passive          lat hegamez    lét hegamez    lít hegamez 
Dative Passive   lak hegamez    lék hegamez    lík hegamez
Causative        lan hegamez    lén hegamez    lín hegamez 
Caus. Passive    lab hegamez    léb hegamez    líb hegamez
Chü Hínabdönöks - Usage

With the causative passive, there are three possible interpretations:

1) In the first and most common, the causative sentence itself is made passive, and in this instance, the gentle reader may review the previous post through a passive lens:

a) With intransitive verbs, the causee is in the nominative and the causer is in the instrumental:

Che frömareths léb chau öinörsaun inth.
The student was made to read aloud by the teacher.

lab chaul zhbéörsaug che fandalthsev sau ömkursaub srem híau twan.
I am made by my parents to practice a half-hour every day.

b) With transitive verbs, the causee is in the nominative, the causer is in the instrumental, and the object of the underlying sentence is in the accusative:

Péters léb sín che töthset röth.
Peter was made by me to wash the car.

Che frömareths léb chau öinörsaun chau rhalízçersaut inth.
The student was made to read the passage aloud by the teacher.

lab chaul zhbéörsaugpförshalsít chö dunabsön che fandalthsev sau kursaub srem híau twan.
I am made by my parents to practice a concerto on the piano for an hour every day.

Sí la che shírethset hengethet gníeftö haushal sho, lab chö béöbsöt helkebü hembeth.
Whenever I hear this song, I am made to think of home.

c) With copulative verbs, the predicate noun or adjective is in the nominative:

San líb chí içdimtelsín hengelín se dhgüréths vanöi.
She will be made a star through this film. (= made to become)

Chau rurs henger lab chí lözetalsín hengedínalín sö nstelféngebs zçenöi.
This hamlet is gradually being turned into a tourist attraction by the local chamber of commerce. (= made to slowly become)

Vek frömaregsep lab sfalökegep fauk afstímsauf sebutemauf fe dalgsev síregev nöi.
The students are not being made happy by four exams in one day. (= made to be)

Öçek lí söböt hauhazh sho, öçek líb söbön önchaun alfana'u hesénöi.
If you marry him, you will be kept poor by him forever. (= made to stay/remain)

Chö ngarebs lat rhté dlübef, söb lab dhüb rhté hezçenöi.
The more the dog is fed, the fatter it is made. (= made to slowly become)

d) The meaning of the causative passive may be modified through the use of certain adverbs which agree with the shléts of the clause in tense:

mnérha - let, allow

Vö ngarekhs lab ví vífsív mnérha héf.
Their dog isn't allowed to sleep on the bed.

Vö ngarekhs léb ví vífsív mnérhé héf.
Their dog wasn't allowed to sleep on the bed.

Vö ngarekhs líb ví vífsív mnérhí héf.
Their dog won't be allowed to sleep on the bed.

çéda - cause

Chek vethsep lab chöi zaríanakföteketsöin chau zarsauv çéda vurwaz.
Objects are caused by gravity to fall to the ground.

Chek vethsep léb chöi zaríanakföteketsöin chau zarsauv çédé vurwaz.
Objects were caused by gravity to fall to the ground.

Chek vethsep líb chöi zaríanakföteketsöin chau zarsauv çédí vurwaz.
Objects will be caused by gravity to fall to the ground.

nda - force, compel

Chau bvömars lab chö içvangabsöt che gdonöthsen vebutethen nda malozhangazh.
The pilot is being forced by the bad weather to land the plane.

Chau bvömars léb chö içvangabsöt che gdonöthsen vebutethen ndé malozhangazh.
The pilot was forced by the bad weather to land the plane.

Chau bvömars líb chö içvangabsöt che gdonöthsen vebutethen ndí malozhangazh.
The pilot will be forced by the bad weather to land the plane.

vdöirha - help

Chek zwököthsep lab sík gefrölsíf inthsalölíf vdöirha rhal.
The blind are helped to read by audio books.

Chek zwököthsep léb sík gefrölsíf inthsalölíf vdöirhé rhal.
The blind were helped to read by audio books.

Chek zwököthsep líb sík gefrölsíf inthsalölíf vdöirhí rhal.
The blind will be helped to read by audio books.

ptíva - ask (for) s.o. to

San lab se tüvethsen höi chí gefrölsít ptíva vaprölal.
She 's being asked by a fan to autograph her book.

San léb se tüvethsen höi chí gefrölsít ptívé vaprölal.
She was asked by a fan to autograph her book.

San líb se tüvethsen höi chí gefrölsít ptíví vaprölal.
She 'll be asked by a fan to autograph her book.

kfaikta - prompt, spur

Sök ívabsöp lab sak atífansach chí tvéíaurhelsín kfaikta kwabakh.
Consumers are prompted by the recession to stock up on products.

Sök ívabsöp léb sak atífansach chí tvéíaurhelsín kfaikté kwabakh.
Consumers were prompted by the recession to stock up on products.

Sök ívabsöp líb sak atífansach chí tvéíaurhelsín kfaiktí kwabakh.
Consumers will be prompted by the recession to stock up on products.

zçüpa - teach (how to)

Sí lab sö ngérhüjebsöt chau ptaukhlürsaun zçüpa zdíf.
I am being taught to ride a bicycle by my uncle.

Sí léb sö ngérhüjebsöt chau ptaukhlürsaun zçüpé zdíf.
I was taught to ride a bicycle by my uncle.

Sí líb sö ngérhüjebsöt chau ptaukhlürsaun zçüpí zdíf.
I will be taught to ride a bicycle by my uncle.

rhtota - prevail ((up)on) s.o to

Beth lab chau lérwenhíarsaut makhlamaf rhtota pef.
They are being prevailed upon by us to join our committee.

Beth léb chau lérwenhíarsaut makhlamaf rhtoté pef.
They were prevailed upon by us to join our committee.

Beth líb chau lérwenhíarsaut makhlamaf rhtotí pef.
They will be prevailed upon by us to join our committee.

(N.B.: Additional examples will be edited in as they are found in the lexicon.)

2) In a second, less common interpretation, the underlying sentence of the causative construction is what is made passive, and is often translated in English as "have sth. done":

a) As above, the causee is in the nominative and the causer is in the instrumental:

Chö zédübs léb sín chföidhez.
I had my hair cut.

Chö ngérhüjebs líb söbön che helkedalthsev síöngévekh.
He'll have his bicycle repaired tomorrow.

b) When the underlying sentence has its own agent, the particle höi is inserted, and the agent is also in the instrumental:

Chö ngérhüjebs líb söbön höi sau rhkindorsaun che helkedalthsev síöngévekh.
He'll have his bicycle repaired by a repairman tomorrow.

Chau rhalízçers léb chau öinörsaun höi se frömarethsen inth.
The teacher had the passage read aloud by a student.

c) Thus, with the following causative sentence:

lén Pétersaut höi che töthset röth.
I had Peter wash the car.

the causative passive may go a couple of ways:

Péters léb (sín) che töthset röth.
Peter was made (by me) to wash the car.

or:

Che töths léb sín (höi Pétersaun) röth.
I had the car washed (by Peter).

3) In the third and least common interpretation, the sentence may be understood as a passive, but carries the additional sense of the subject bringing it on him-/her-/itself (Cf. English: get (o.s.) + past participle; French: se faire + infinitive):

Söb léb se töthsen mergauz.
He got (himself) hit by a car.

Chöi çímíts léb föl.
My sister caught (herself) a cold. (föl = pass on a cold (to); lat föl = catch/get a cold)

Beth líb, aim teg lí haukétokh sho, heklöikh.
They'll get (themselves) fired if they're not careful.

Sak Flaivonapwerinsap Sfönap - Other Example Sentences

More About Tea

On Snow in Boston

More on Snow in Boston (sort of)

Sentence 232 of the Snowball Game

Lexember 14, 2014

Hengegíau chau radzöntölörsauv sík shajinhakfalíshevílsíng toulíng, ezhdölsíng palavelíng, zhö sauk shajinhakfalíchorsaung sebuteraung, chöi shajinhakfalíeskanets la gaiçö hengeveçö hepsönöi:

Agamírs:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Ashevíls	   Éshevíls     Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la gamez      lé gamez	  lí gamez     			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat gamez     lét gamez    lít gamez
Gamezhdöls       lak gamez     lék gamez    lík gamez
Çédezhdöls       lan gamez     lén gamez    lín gamez
Babezhdöls       lab gamez     léb gamez    líb gamez
Néçafömírs:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Ashevíls	   Éshevíls      Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la högamez    lé högamez    lí högamez	       			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat högamez   lét högamez   lít högamez 
Gamezhdöls       lak högamez   lék högamez   lík högamez
Çédezhdöls       lan högamez   lén högamez   lín högamez
Babezhdöls       lab högamez   léb högamez   líb högamez
Noimírs:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Ashevíls	    Éshevíls       Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la haugamez    lé haugamez    lí haugamez	       			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat haugamez   lét haugamez   lít haugamez 
Gamezhdöls       lak haugamez   lék haugamez   lík haugamez
Çédezhdöls       lan haugamez   lén haugamez   lín haugamez
Babezhdöls       lab haugamez   léb haugamez   líb haugamez
Staumírs:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Ashevíls	    Éshevíls       Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la hegamez     lé hegamez     lí hegamez	       			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat hegamez    lét hegamez    lít hegamez
Gamezhdöls       lak hegamez    lék hegamez    lík hegamez
Çédezhdöls       lan hegamez    lén hegamez    lín hegamez
Babezhdöls       lab hegamez    léb hegamez    líb hegamez
Last edited by Lao Kou on 01 Nov 2016 12:28, edited 4 times in total.
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Re: Géarthnuns - The Thread

Post by Lao Kou »

Chau Kfangölímírs - The Imperative

Chü Tubílíbdönöks - Formation

The frilténs which marks the imperative mood is hü-. Except for occasional considerations of emphasis, clarity, or sentence cadence, it is generally not stressed (though perhaps more so than the other prefixed moods), and is attached to verbs in the same manner as the interrogative, speculative, and conclusive:

Category 1) If the citation form of the verb starts with a consonant, hü- is affixed directly to the verb:

hü- + citation form

balaf (stop) → balafhübalaf
vazh (buy) → vazhhüvazh
kadiz (go) → kadizhükadiz
mölman (sing) → mölmanhümölman
gvezíökh (catch) → gvezíökhhügvezíökh
kshel (beg) → kshelhükshel
síuth (thank) → síuthhüsíuth

N.B.: As with the interrogative, speculative, and conclusive, care should be taken that a syllabic nasal at the front of a verb doesn't get lost in the shuffle when the imperative frilténs is added.

nggavökh (kill) → nggavökhhünggavökh : is read hü-ng-gavökh [ˌhy.ŋˈgavøx] (4 syllables), not hüng-gavökh [hyŋˈgavøx] (3 syllables)
mpril (be annoyed) → mprilhümpril : is read hü-m-pril [ˌhy.mˈpɾɪl] (3 syllables), not hüm-pril [hymˈpɾɪl] (2 syllables)
ndezh (cure) → ndezhhündezh : is read hü-n-dezh [ˌhy.nˈdɛʒ] (3 syllables), not hün-dezh [hynˈdɛʒ] (2 syllables)

Category 2) If the citation form of the verb starts with a vowel, an intermediary héfö is added before hü- is affixed to the verb:

hü- + -h- + citation form

öf (build) → höfhühöf
uzh (blossom) → huzhhühuzh
éöz (exclaim) → héözhühéöz
abarön (justify) → habarönhühabarön
öilemiçnakh (survive) → höilemiçnakhhühöilemiçnakh
auçpul (tear) → hauçpulhühauçpul
inth (read aloud) → hinthhühinth

N.B.: If initial imbe shumatsöin appears in its capacity as consonantal /j/, the verb will pattern as Category 1:

íaswön (be grateful) → íaswönhüíaswön
íömpeth (separate) → íömpethhüíömpeth
íezh (knit) → íezhhüíezh

If it is working as vocalic /i/, the verb will pattern as Category 2:

ísüél (sprout) → hísüélhühísüél
ízhökh (triumph) → hízhökhhühízhökh
íkföl (chat) → híkfölhühíkföl

Category 3) If the citation form starts with a héfö, the héfö changes to a ba before hü- is affixed to the verb:

hü- + -b- + (citation form - initial h)

héf (sleep) → béfhübéf
hombeküzh (weld) → bombeküzhhübombeküzh
haz (transport) → bazhübaz
hin (use) → binhübin
hökh (be that) → bökhhübökh
haisal (deep-fry) → baisalhübaisal
huth (waft) → buthhübuth

N.B.: Some verbs may simply start with "", without it being the imperative frilténs:

hügauz (glorify, exalt, idolize):

Öçek la chö desíöbsöt hügauz.
You put your older brother on a pedestal. not Put your older brother on a pedestal.

As such, their conclusive forms follow the Category 3 pattern:

hügauzhübügauz:

Öçek la chö desíöbsöt hübügauz.
Put your older brother on a pedestal.

With the three tenses, five voices, and five moods introduced thus far, the verb paradigm now looks like this:

Indicative:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Present	    Past         Future		     
Active           la gamez      lé gamez	  lí gamez     			    
Passive          lat gamez     lét gamez    lít gamez
Dative Passive   lak gamez     lék gamez    lík gamez
Causative        lan gamez     lén gamez    lín gamez
Caus. Passive    lab gamez     léb gamez    líb gamez
Interrogative:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Present	    Past          Future		     
Active           la högamez    lé högamez    lí högamez	       			    
Passive          lat högamez   lét högamez   lít högamez 
Dative Passive   lak högamez   lék högamez   lík högamez
Causative        lan högamez   lén högamez   lín högamez 
Caus. Passive    lab högamez   léb högamez   líb högamez
Speculative:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Present	     Past           Future		     
Active           la haugamez    lé haugamez    lí haugamez	       			    
Passive          lat haugamez   lét haugamez   lít haugamez 
Dative Passive   lak haugamez   lék haugamez   lík haugamez
Causative        lan haugamez   lén haugamez   lín haugamez
Caus. Passive    lab haugamez   léb haugamez   líb haugamez
Conclusive:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Present	     Past           Future		     
Active           la hegamez     lé hegamez     lí hegamez	       			    
Passive          lat hegamez    lét hegamez    lít hegamez 
Dative Passive   lak hegamez    lék hegamez    lík hegamez
Causative        lan hegamez    lén hegamez    lín hegamez 
Caus. Passive    lab hegamez    léb hegamez    líb hegamez
Imperative:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Present	     Past           Future		     
Active           la hügamez     lé hügamez     lí hügamez	       			    
Passive          lat hügamez    lét hügamez    lít hügamez 
Dative Passive   lak hügamez    lék hügamez    lík hügamez
Causative        lan hügamez    lén hügamez    lín hügamez 
Caus. Passive    lab hügamez    léb hügamez    líb hügamez
Chü Hínabdönöks - Usage

Chík Kfangölsíp Zhöíekralíp - Direct Commands:

1) The full form of direct commands is:

second person pronoun + present tense shléts + imperative verb form

Öçek la lomargnöz.
Stand up.

Affirmative:

Öçek la hülomargnöz. - Stand up. (singular)
Skom la hülomargnöz. - Stand up. (dual)
Kfazh la hülomargnöz. - Stand up. (plural)
Wöij la hülomargnöz. - Stand up. (septimal -- talking to the dwarves, rare)

Negative:

Fenfe la hülomargnöz. - Don't stand up. (singular)
Dhékh la hülomargnöz. - Don't stand up. (dual)
Hésh la hülomargnöz. - Don't stand up. (plural)
Vla la hülomargnöz. - Don't stand up. (septimal -- talking to the dwarves, rarer still)

Very unambiguous, very complete, very correct, very polite. But, as the gentle reader may imagine, rather cumbersome in everyday conversation. If the context is clear, the subject pronoun and shléts are frequently dispensed with:

Hülomargnöz. - Stand up.

In fact, with context, body language, and intonation all in play, a negative interpretation is also possible:

Hülomargnöz. - Don't stand up. (Cf. French: Plus de café. - More coffee./No more coffee.)

Of course, the addition of a complement will remove any possible ambiguity in polarity:

Chí éíailsít hüpaungel. - Put down your luggage.

Vöi öfedhsöit hüksuçikh. - Don't pick your nose.

As has come up in other posts, this is an intimate, in-group, familiar form of address. Using it on people outside of one's family and coterie sounds rather imperious, and Miss Manners suggests that this is not the most effective strategy to getting what one wants in a public setting. Bare imperatives will not get the gentle reader to yes.

2) The expression "mva hü" may be used all by itself in a variety of speech registers by the speaker to express mild bidding or acquiescence. At the polite end of the spectrum, it indicates that the speaker concurs with what the addressee has proposed and invites the addressee to act on it, or that the speaker wishes to nudge the addressee into a certain action:

A: Sí la chü chívaksüt ba tail höman?
A: Shall I open the window?

U: Mva hü.
U: Please do.

A: Chük zhíkeshöksüp hereçkeküp la zçüdöléveküp zçeth.
A: Those hors d'oeuvres look delicious.

U: Mva hü.
U: Have one.

(Asha walks into Ut's office. Ut gestures to a chair.)

U: Mva hü.
U: Please.

At the less polite, more sarcastic end of the spectrum, "mva hü" may translate along the lines of "Be my guest."

A: Sí la cha feldhaudensat cha hengesegensav ba zhgöz thnéf!
A: I feel like mowing the lawn this morning!

U: Mva hü.
U: Knock yourself out.

A: Sí lí chí aidalsík zçíövelík helkelík chöi öfetsöit ba çétsan kadiz!
A: I'm going to go pet that wild bear on the nose!

U: Mva hü.
U: You do that. (I'll be over here.)

Chík Kfangölsíp Gnöizhöíekralíp - Indirect Commands:

With indirect commands, a basic sentence is formed as follows:

subject - shléts - - subordinate clause in the imperative - sho - verb

, söb lé chí éíailsít hüpaungel sho, ronjöth.
I told him to put down the luggage.

, fenfe la vöi öfedhsöit hüksuçikh sho, ronjöth.
I told you not to pick your nose.

Since an indirect command is basically indirect discourse with a twist, the imperative forms may go into any of the three tenses (but only those tenses -- past, present, and future) presented thus far. In addition, the interplay between the tenses in the main and subordinate clauses may be an indicator of whether the command was realized or not:

Sí lé, gü söb lé chí éíailsít hüpaungel sho, ronjöth.
I told him to put down the luggage. (and he did it; past - past)

Sí lé, gü söb la chí éíailsít hüpaungel sho, ronjöth.
I told him to put down the luggage. (and he's still walking around the room carrying the suitcases; past - present)

Sí lé, gü fenfe la vöi öfedhsöit hüksuçikh sho, ronjöth.
I told you not to pick your nose. (and yet you're still digging for gold; past - present)

Shtanö öçek lé che palavfíthsev mal sho, sí lé, gü fenfe lé vöi öfedhsöit hüksuçikh sho, ronjöth.
When you were five, I told you not to pick your nose. (and look at you, adult Mr. Suave, you stopped; past - past)

Sí lék, gü fí la/lí fenfet hütsen sho, uzévíçal.
I was warned not to trust you. (and, well, the jury's still out; past - present/future)

Chau kwídürs lí, gü öçek lí saurauk cha tséplonsat che helkedalthsev hülaitemníal sho, ronjöth.
The boss will tell you to give him the report tomorrow. (neither of which has happened yet; future - future)

Sí la, gü hésh lí vau sfaiemsaut hühashtuz sho, kfangöl.
I'm ordering you not to cross the river. (I'm ordering you now, but we haven't arrived at the river yet; present - future)

Some verbs available for subordinate imperative clauses:

udvonazh - insist
uzévíçal - admonish, warn
kwönavel - advise, counsel
kfangöl - command, order
rözçalíth - behoove
rönjöth - tell (so. to do sth.)
hílel - entreat, plead, beseech

and a noun:

çíks - condition, stipulation, provision, proviso

(N.B.: The verb paradigm above indicates that all of the voices presented thus far are available for use in the imperative, and theoretically, this is true. Examples that don't sound incredibly contrived or marked will be edited in as they are discovered.)

Sak Flaivonapwerinsap Sfönap - Other Example Sentences

Fenfe la, gü sí lí öçket hüpanten ardla öçkev hüsemedrömídnaf sho, hübílel.
2SG-NOM.NEG AUX.PRES, CONJ 1SG-NOM AUX.FUT 2SG-ACC leave-IMP or 2SG-LOC turn.back.around-IMP PTCL, entreat-IMP
Entreat me not to leave you, or to return from following after you.

He ordered the man to walk.

You must pay the rent!

Zeus and the Bee

I was ordered by my boss to patrol the house.

Hengegíau chau radzöntölörsauv sík shajinhakfalíshevílsíng toulíng, ezhdölsíng palavelíng, zhö sauk shajinhakfalíchorsaung palaveraung, chöi shajinhakfalíeskanets la gaiçö hengeveçö hepsönöi:

Agamírs:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Ashevíls	   Éshevíls     Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la gamez      lé gamez	  lí gamez     			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat gamez     lét gamez    lít gamez
Gamezhdöls       lak gamez     lék gamez    lík gamez
Çédezhdöls       lan gamez     lén gamez    lín gamez
Babezhdöls       lab gamez     léb gamez    líb gamez
Néçafömírs:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Ashevíls	   Éshevíls      Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la högamez    lé högamez    lí högamez	       			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat högamez   lét högamez   lít högamez 
Gamezhdöls       lak högamez   lék högamez   lík högamez
Çédezhdöls       lan högamez   lén högamez   lín högamez
Babezhdöls       lab högamez   léb högamez   líb högamez
Noimírs:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Ashevíls	    Éshevíls       Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la haugamez    lé haugamez    lí haugamez	       			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat haugamez   lét haugamez   lít haugamez 
Gamezhdöls       lak haugamez   lék haugamez   lík haugamez
Çédezhdöls       lan haugamez   lén haugamez   lín haugamez
Babezhdöls       lab haugamez   léb haugamez   líb haugamez
Staumírs:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Ashevíls	    Éshevíls       Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la hegamez     lé hegamez     lí hegamez	       			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat hegamez    lét hegamez    lít hegamez
Gamezhdöls       lak hegamez    lék hegamez    lík hegamez
Çédezhdöls       lan hegamez    lén hegamez    lín hegamez
Babezhdöls       lab hegamez    léb hegamez    líb hegamez
Kfangölímírs:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Ashevíls	    Éshevíls       Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la hügamez     lé hügamez     lí hügamez	       			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat hügamez    lét hügamez    lít hügamez
Gamezhdöls       lak hügamez    lék hügamez    lík hügamez
Çédezhdöls       lan hügamez    lén hügamez    lín hügamez
Babezhdöls       lab hügamez    léb hügamez    líb hügamez
Last edited by Lao Kou on 21 Jul 2015 11:14, edited 3 times in total.
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Re: Géarthnuns - The Thread

Post by Lao Kou »

Chau Ngamathemírs - The Discoursive

Chü Tubílíbdönöks - Formation

The frilténs which marks the discoursive mood is höi-. Except for occasional considerations of emphasis, clarity, or sentence cadence, it is generally not stressed, and is attached to verbs in the same manner as the interrogative, speculative, conclusive, and imperative:

Category 1) If the citation form of the verb starts with a consonant, höi- is affixed directly to the verb:

höi- + citation form

balaf (stop) → höibalafhöibalaf
vazh (buy) → höivazhhöivazh
kadiz (go) → höikadizhöikadiz
mölman (sing) → höimölmanhöimölman
gvezíökh (catch) → höigvezíökhhöigvezíökh
kshel (beg) → höikshelhöikshel
síuth (thank) → höisíuthhöisíuth

N.B.: As with the interrogative, speculative, conclusive, and imperative, care should be taken that a syllabic nasal at the front of a verb doesn't get lost in the shuffle when the discoursive frilténs is added.

nggavökh (kill) → höinggavökhhöinggavökh : is read höi-ng-gavökh [ˌhøɪ.ŋˈgavøx] (4 syllables), not höing-gavökh [høɪŋˈgavøx] (3 syllables)
mpril (be annoyed) → höimprilhöimpril : is read höi-m-pril [ˌhøɪ.mˈpɾɪl] (3 syllables), not höim-pril [høɪmˈpɾɪl] (2 syllables)
ndezh (cure) → höindezhhöindezh : is read höi-n-dezh [ˌhøɪ.nˈdɛʒ] (3 syllables), not höin-dezh [høɪnˈdɛʒ] (2 syllables)

Category 2) If the citation form of the verb starts with a vowel, an intermediary héfö is added before höi- is affixed to the verb:

höi- + -h- + citation form

öf (build) → höihöfhöihöf
uzh (blossom) → höihuzhhöihuzh
éöz (exclaim) → höihéözhöihéöz
abarön (justify) → höihabarönhöihabarön
öilemiçnakh (survive) → höihöilemiçnakhhöihöilemiçnakh
auçpul (tear) → höihauçpulhöihauçpul
inth (read aloud) → höihinthhöihinth

N.B.: If initial imbe shumatsöin appears in its capacity as consonantal /j/, the verb will pattern as Category 1:

íaswön (be grateful) → höiíaswönhöiíaswön
íömpeth (separate) → höiíömpethhöiíömpeth
íezh (knit) → höiíezhhöiíezh

If it is working as vocalic /i/, the verb will pattern as Category 2:

ísüél (sprout) → höihísüélhöihísüél
ízhökh (triumph) → höihízhökhhöihízhökh
íkföl (chat) → höihíkfölhöihíkföl

Category 3) If the citation form starts with a héfö, the héfö changes to a ba before hü- is affixed to the verb:

höi- + -b- + (citation form - initial h)

héf (sleep) → höibéfhöibéf
hombeküzh (weld) → höibombeküzhhöibombeküzh
haz (transport) → höibazhöibaz
hin (use) → höibinhöibin
hökh (be that) → höibökhhöibökh
haisal (deep-fry) → höibaisalhöibaisal
huth (waft) → höibuthhöibuth

N.B.: Some verbs may simply start with "höi", without it being the discoursive frilténs:

höingselíf (double-park):

Sí lí cha hengedínsav spuna'u höingselíf.
I'm going to double-park here for just a moment.

As such, their conclusive forms follow the Category 3 pattern:

höingselífhöiböingselíf:

Ve sebölíbaugs la, gü sí lí cha hengedínsav spuna'u höiböingselíf sho, sferül.
The police officer doesn't know I'm going to double-park here for just a moment.

With the three tenses, five voices, and six moods introduced thus far, the verb paradigm now looks like this:

Indicative:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Present	    Past         Future		     
Active           la gamez      lé gamez	  lí gamez     			    
Passive          lat gamez     lét gamez    lít gamez
Dative Passive   lak gamez     lék gamez    lík gamez
Causative        lan gamez     lén gamez    lín gamez
Caus. Passive    lab gamez     léb gamez    líb gamez
Interrogative:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Present	    Past          Future		     
Active           la högamez    lé högamez    lí högamez	       			    
Passive          lat högamez   lét högamez   lít högamez 
Dative Passive   lak högamez   lék högamez   lík högamez
Causative        lan högamez   lén högamez   lín högamez 
Caus. Passive    lab högamez   léb högamez   líb högamez
Speculative:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Present	     Past           Future		     
Active           la haugamez    lé haugamez    lí haugamez	       			    
Passive          lat haugamez   lét haugamez   lít haugamez 
Dative Passive   lak haugamez   lék haugamez   lík haugamez
Causative        lan haugamez   lén haugamez   lín haugamez
Caus. Passive    lab haugamez   léb haugamez   líb haugamez
Conclusive:
Spoiler:

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                 Present	     Past           Future		     
Active           la hegamez     lé hegamez     lí hegamez	       			    
Passive          lat hegamez    lét hegamez    lít hegamez 
Dative Passive   lak hegamez    lék hegamez    lík hegamez
Causative        lan hegamez    lén hegamez    lín hegamez 
Caus. Passive    lab hegamez    léb hegamez    líb hegamez
Imperative:
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                 Present	     Past           Future		     
Active           la hügamez     lé hügamez     lí hügamez	       			    
Passive          lat hügamez    lét hügamez    lít hügamez 
Dative Passive   lak hügamez    lék hügamez    lík hügamez
Causative        lan hügamez    lén hügamez    lín hügamez 
Caus. Passive    lab hügamez    léb hügamez    líb hügamez
Discoursive:
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                 Present	     Past           Future		     
Active           la höigamez    lé höigamez    lí höigamez	       			    
Passive          lat höigamez   lét höigamez   lít höigamez 
Dative Passive   lak höigamez   lék höigamez   lík höigamez
Causative        lan höigamez   lén höigamez   lín höigamez
Caus. Passive    lab höigamez   léb höigamez   líb höigamez
Chü Hínabdönöks - Usage

Chöik Ozitsöip Zhöíekratöip - Direct Discourse:

Before the addition of a direct quotation, the basic sentence is formed as follows:

subject - shléts - word for "thus" - verb

hengeveçö ngamath.
I said this.

Although often omitted in higher, written, literary registers, the word for "thus" is predominantly used elsewhere to frame a direct quote, and is chosen based on which person the subject is. For first person subjects, the word is "hengeveçö", "thus, in this way":

Sí/Fí lé hengeveçö ngamath.
I said/didn't say this.

Trízh/Raizh lé hengeveçö ngamath.
We (two) said/didn't say this.

Makhlama/Pantala lé hengeveçö ngamath.
We said/didn't say this.

For second person subjects, "hereçkeveçö", "thus, in that way":

Öçek/Fenfe lé hereçkeveçö ngamath.
You said/didn't say that.

Skom/Dhékh lé hereçkeveçö ngamath.
You (two) said/didn't say that.

Kfazh/Hésh lé hereçkeveçö ngamath.
You said/didn't say that.

For third person subjects, "helkeveçö", "thus, in that way":

Söb/Fökh lé helkeveçö ngamath.
He said/didn't say that.

Böb/Tökh lé helkeveçö ngamath.
They (two) said/didn't say that.

Rhöb/Ngökh lé helkeveçö ngamath.
They said/didn't say that.

(septimal forms not included)

To that basic structure, the direct quotation may be added in a few places:

„Che helkedalths lí che zdídalths cha maralansas nöi.” sí lé hengeveçö ngamath.
or
Sí lé „Che helkedalths lí che zdídalths cha maralansas nöi.” hengeveçö ngamath.
or
Sí lé hengeveçö „Che helkedalths lí che zdídalths cha maralansas nöi.” ngamath.
or
Sí lé hengeveçö ngamath „Che helkedalths lí che zdídalths cha maralansas nöi.”
I said, "Tomorrow is my mother's birthday."

As one might anticipate, lengthier, heavier quotes are most likely to come at the beginning or the end (see Other Example Sentences below).

Chöik Ozitsöip Gnöizhöíekratöip - Indirect Discourse:

1) As its name suggests, the discoursive mood's primary function is to mark indirect discourse as it appears in a subordinate clause. With indirect discourse, a basic sentence is formed as follows:

subject - shléts - - subordinate clause in the discoursive - sho - verb

, che helkedalths lí che zdídalths cha maralansas höinöi sho, ngamath.
I said that tomorrow was my mother's birthday.

Chau rhashpevérs la, seth lí che helkedalthsev höifun sho, tsérhashfuzh.
The newspaper reports that it's going to rain tomorrow.

The discoursive forms may go into, but are not limited to, any of the three tenses presented thus far. Examples of tense combinations are offered below. For the purpose of these examples, the gentle reader is asked to recall, from The Speculative (II), that if the same subject in both clauses is a pronoun and it has the same polarity, the subject pronoun in the subordinate clause becomes "thpau", regardless of what it is the main clause:

past - past

Söb , gü thpau höithauth sho, ngamath.
He said that he came/was coming. (he said it in the past; he may or may not have come in the past)

past - present

Söb , gü thpau la höithauth sho, ngamath.
He said that he is/was coming. (he said it in the past; he is en route)

past - future

Söb , gü thpau höithauth sho, ngamath.
He said that he will/would come//is/will be/would be coming. (he said it in the past; he will come at some point in the future)

present - past

Söb la, gü thpau höithauth sho, ngamath.
He says/is saying that he came. (he's on the phone talking to me; he may or may not have come in the past)

present - present

Söb la, gü thpau la höithauth sho, ngamath.
He says/is saying that he is coming. (he's on the phone talking to me; he is en route)

present - future

Söb la, gü thpau höithauth sho, ngamath.
He says/is saying that he will come//is/will be coming. (he's on the phone talking to me; he will come at some point in the future)

future - past

Söb , gü thpau höithauth sho, ngamath.
He will say that he came. (if you ask him, this is what he will say; he may or may not have come in the past)

future - present

Söb , gü thpau la höithauth sho, ngamath.
He will say that he is coming. (if you ask him, this is what he will say; he is en route)

future - future

Söb , gü thpau höithauth sho, ngamath.
He will say that he will come//is/will be coming. (if you ask him, this is what he will say; he will come at some point in the future)

Some verbs available for subordinate discoursive clauses:

agashaz - indicate
íaugavel - tell, inform, apprise
íaushal - hear (tell)
öévasnoth - assert
jídöraul - claim, profess, purport
ngamath - say, tell
fthaungel - say, tell (less commonly used than ngamath)
namakotröl - explain
rhkaulétez - convince

2) The discoursive is also used to mark indirect questions in a subordinate clause.

a) For an indirect polar question, the subordinate clause is still introduced by "" and not by a form of "if" or "whether" as in certain European languages:

Direct:

Chau helkers la sau furs hönöi?
Is that a pen?

Indirect:

San lé, gü chau helkers la sau furs höinöi sho, néçaf.
She asked if that is/was a pen.

Direct:

Öçek la höbéf?
Are you sleeping?

Indirect:

San lé, gü sí lé höibéf sho, néçaf.
She asked if I was sleeping.

b) To highlight the notion of "whether or not" in such questions, the adverb "gérü" may be added to the subordinate clause, without the full pragmatic force of the English analogue:

San lé, gü chau helkers la sau furs gérü höinöi sho, néçaf.
She asked if that is/was a pen (or not).

San lé, gü sí lé gérü höibéf sho, néçaf.
She asked if I was sleeping (or not).

For more punch, the adverb "nzo" may be used instead:

San lé, gü chau helkers la sau furs nzo höinöi sho, néçaf.
She asked if that is/was a pen or not. (She's having an existential crisis about the pen.)

San lé, gü sí lé nzo höibéf sho, néçaf.
She asked if I was sleeping or not. (I'm a child playing the game of wills with Mummy and she's losing patience.)

c) With an alternative question, the question is subordinated with "" and the subordinate verb is placed in the discoursive:

Direct:

Öçek la sö kawabsöt dla sö chabsöt hökalaf?
Would you like a coffee or a tea? (≅ Would you like a beverage?)

Indirect:

San lé, gü sí lé sö kawabsöt dla sö chabsöt höikalaf sho, néçaf.
She asked if I wanted a coffee or a tea. (≅ if I wanted a beverage.)

Direct:

Öçek la sö kawabsöt hetaum sö chabsöt hökalaf?
Would you like a coffee or a tea? (≅ Which one would you like?)

Indirect:

San lé, gü sí lé sö kawabsöt hetaum sö chabsöt höikalaf sho, néçaf.
She asked if I wanted a coffee or a tea. (≅ which one I wanted.)

c) With a non-polar question, the question is subordinated with "", the interrogative word does not move from direct question order, and the subordinate verb is placed in the discoursive:

Direct:

Öçek la chethsek sa pfesensat höfuzh?
Who are you writing a letter to?

Indirect:

San lé, gü sí lé chethsek sa pfesensat höifuzh sho, néçaf.
She asked who I wrote/was writing the letter to.

Direct:

Chau jürs la chensan höbzherön?
What is wine made from?

Indirect:

San lé, gü chau jürs la chensan höibzherön sho, néçaf.
She asked what wine is/was made from.

Direct:

Chü karhéviks hengek la vacher'ha hökadiz?
Where is this train going?

Indirect:

San lé, gü chü karhéviks la vacher'ha höikadiz sho, néçaf.
She asked where the train is/was going.

3) Beyond speech acts, the discoursive is used in subordinate clauses related to cognition or perception, the workhorse verb being "sferül", "know":

Fí la, gü söb lí (gérü) höithauth sho, sferül.
I don’t know if/that he's coming (or not).

Sí la, gü öçek lé chensat cha hereçkéansav höidravnath sho, sferül.
I know what you did last summer.

Though, of course, there are others:

Öçek lé, gü sí lé chük hüksüch vacher'ha höiklan sho, hönjal?
Did you notice where I put my keys?

Trízh lé, gü che zçalíkfoshköths bvansíreth la cha mnusansas rharunkath höinöi sho, srédhozh.
1DUAL-NOM AUX.PAST, CONJ DEF good.one-NOM most-NOM AUX.PRES DEF life-GEN free-NOM be-DISC PTCL, come.to.understand
We came to understand that the best things in life are free.

Sí lé, gü thpau lé sau teshersaut höitel sho, sthövekh.
I thought I saw a pussy cat.

Verbs of perception that lead to an understanding take a subordinate clause in the discoursive:

Sí la, gü öçek lé chí chestalsít höidlüzçéth sho, tel.
I see you cleaned your room.

Öçek la, gü síl la cha feldhaudensat höizhgöz sho, ba shal kalokh.
You can hear that he/she's mowing the lawn.

Other verbs available for subordinate discoursive clauses:

évagaktezh - surprise, be surprised
élüdhöth - reckon, bet
audönöz - make clear
auth - believe (credit with veracity)
buteten - wonder
brin - matter, be important
gnaulévökh - discern, discriminate, distinguish, tell (apart)
zaulif - deem, think
tsoliz - assume, presuppose
tlüçanef - confide
thkwaungif - augur, divine
shöthenef - presume, presuppose, think
kfel - show, demonstrate, prove
ngköleth - realize, recognize, be aware
níaubril - find out, learn (through investigation)
rhagaçön - remember, recall (lan rhagaçön - remind)

4) As discussed in the previous post, indirect commands take the imperative in a subordinate clause.

Sak Flaivonapwerinsap Sfönap - Other Example Sentences

Ruts lé öblé fthaungel „Fenfe la, gü sí lí öçket hüpanten ardla öçkev hüsemedrömídnaf sho, hübílel.
Ruth-NOM AUX.PAST but say "2SG-NOM.NEG AUX.PRES, CONJ 1SG-NOM AUX.FUT 2SG-ACC leave-IMP or 2SG-LOC turn.back.around-IMP PTCL, entreat-IMP
And Ruth said, "Entreat me not to leave you, or to return from following after you;

Öçek lí auvaç tsodínsav haukadiz, sí lí cha hereçkedínsav hekadiz; de öçek lí tsodínsav haunrébíören, sí lí cha hereçkedínsav henrébíören;
2SG-NOM AUX.FUT because wherever-LOC go-SPEC, 1SG AUX.FUT DEF there-LOC go-CONCL; and 2SG-NOM AUX.FUT wherever-LOC lodge-SPEC, 1SG-NOM AUX.FUT DEF there-LOC lodge-CONCL;
for where you go, I will go; and where you lodge, I will lodge;

chö nzöbs öçkeb lí chö nzöbs síteb arveçö che dhauths öçketh lí che dhauths síteth nöi.”
DEF people-NOM your-NOM AUX.FUT DEF people-NOM my-NOM so.too DEF god-NOM your-NOM AUX.FUT DEF god-NOM my-NOM be"
your people shall be my people, and your God my God."

Mars lé, gü raizh lé chelöi ba kadiz höikalokh sho, namakotröl.
Mother explained why we couldn’t go.

Sí la, gü sük karhéviksüp míleküp la cha shtülansav hengenav höimiçnakh sho, lézhömail.
I like that there are cheap trains in this city.

Sí la, shtanö thpau lé gadib nöi sho, gü cha hengedínsav sü zdaíaks kfazhek lé höimnaizekh sho, rhagaçön.
1SG-NOM AUX.PRES, when 1SG-NOM AUX.PAST young-NOM be PTCL, CONJ DEF here-LOC INDEF fire-NOM big-NOM AUX.PAST happen-DISC PTCL, remember
I remember, when I was young, there was a big fire here. (from here)

Reported speech

Indirect Questions

I tought I taw a puddy tat!

I wouldn't say I speak it

All I need for you to know is...

On conwords looking more Finnish

Sentence 104 of the Snowball Game

Sentence 169 of the Snowball Game

Sentence 223 of the Snowball Game

Sentence 226 of the Snowball Game

Hengegíau chau radzöntölörsauv sík shajinhakfalíshevílsíng toulíng, ezhdölsíng palavelíng, zhö sauk shajinhakfalíchorsaung rhaleraung, chöi shajinhakfalíeskanets la gaiçö hengeveçö hepsönöi:

Agamírs:
Spoiler:

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                 Ashevíls	   Éshevíls     Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la gamez      lé gamez	  lí gamez     			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat gamez     lét gamez    lít gamez
Gamezhdöls       lak gamez     lék gamez    lík gamez
Çédezhdöls       lan gamez     lén gamez    lín gamez
Babezhdöls       lab gamez     léb gamez    líb gamez
Néçafömírs:
Spoiler:

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                 Ashevíls	   Éshevíls      Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la högamez    lé högamez    lí högamez	       			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat högamez   lét högamez   lít högamez 
Gamezhdöls       lak högamez   lék högamez   lík högamez
Çédezhdöls       lan högamez   lén högamez   lín högamez
Babezhdöls       lab högamez   léb högamez   líb högamez
Noimírs:
Spoiler:

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                 Ashevíls	    Éshevíls       Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la haugamez    lé haugamez    lí haugamez	       			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat haugamez   lét haugamez   lít haugamez 
Gamezhdöls       lak haugamez   lék haugamez   lík haugamez
Çédezhdöls       lan haugamez   lén haugamez   lín haugamez
Babezhdöls       lab haugamez   léb haugamez   líb haugamez
Staumírs:
Spoiler:

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                 Ashevíls	    Éshevíls       Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la hegamez     lé hegamez     lí hegamez	       			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat hegamez    lét hegamez    lít hegamez
Gamezhdöls       lak hegamez    lék hegamez    lík hegamez
Çédezhdöls       lan hegamez    lén hegamez    lín hegamez
Babezhdöls       lab hegamez    léb hegamez    líb hegamez
Kfangölímírs:
Spoiler:

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                 Ashevíls	    Éshevíls       Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la hügamez     lé hügamez     lí hügamez	       			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat hügamez    lét hügamez    lít hügamez
Gamezhdöls       lak hügamez    lék hügamez    lík hügamez
Çédezhdöls       lan hügamez    lén hügamez    lín hügamez
Babezhdöls       lab hügamez    léb hügamez    líb hügamez
Ngamathemírs:
Spoiler:

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                 Ashevíls	    Éshevíls       Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la höigamez    lé höigamez    lí höigamez	       			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat höigamez   lét höigamez   lít höigamez 
Gamezhdöls       lak höigamez   lék höigamez   lík höigamez
Çédezhdöls       lan höigamez   lén höigamez   lín höigamez
Babezhdöls       lab höigamez   léb höigamez   líb höigamez
Last edited by Lao Kou on 13 Oct 2015 07:06, edited 14 times in total.
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eldin raigmore
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Re: Géarthnuns - The Thread

Post by eldin raigmore »

Are the discursive and the conclusive moods the realis moods?
Do they, when taken together, fulfil the semantic functions of the indicative or declarative mood in languages that have an indicative or a declarative mood?
(Since you included an indicative mood, I expect the answer to be "No". So:)
What does the indicative mood do that neither the discursive nor the conclusive moods do?

Did you mean to put the "o" in "discoursive"?

I'm assuming the discursive mood is for discussing something, while the conclusive mood is for concluding something. Is that right(ish)?
Last edited by eldin raigmore on 29 Apr 2015 16:18, edited 1 time in total.
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Re: Géarthnuns - The Thread

Post by gestaltist »

Subscribing. This is very good. Also, now I finally know what language I invent vocabulary for in the „Reverse Lexicon Building“ thread.
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Lao Kou
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Re: Géarthnuns - The Thread

Post by Lao Kou »

eldin raigmore wrote:Did you mean to put the "o" in "discoursive"?
Yes. "Discursive" seems to have more denotative and connotative baggage attached to it (perhaps leading one, say, to think it's for dianoetic discussions). While "discoursive" is the rarer, funkier, more obsolete spelling, I really wanted to drive home the point that it's for indirect discourse. Your results/impressions may vary.
Are the discursive and the conclusive moods the realis moods?
Realis/irrealis isn't really the litmus test for the usage of these moods. See below.
Do they, when taken together, fulfil the semantic functions of the indicative or declarative mood in languages that have an indicative or a declarative mood?
I'm not sure I understand your question. I would assume the heavy lifting of the indicative functions would be carried out by, well, the indicative. The discoursive and conclusive perform some fluff-and-fill functions, but I wouldn't say they "fulfill" the functions of the indicative, taken together or otherwise. Let's see if some errant thoughts below get you any closer to where you want to be. See below.
I'm assuming the discursive mood is for discussing something, while the conclusive mood is for concluding something. Is that right(ish)?
Ish. The conclusive does deal with conclusions, but the discoursive is primarily about reported speech acts. See below.

All righty then. In real time here, to the limited extent that I can point to anything of long, long ago as a conscious design decision, I think I can safely say that beyond the indicative and interrogative moods, which would handle most garden variety realis, the remaining five moods were originally conceived as divvying up the terrain traditionally covered by European subjunctives:

Speculative - meant to deal with the purview of Romance language subjunctives
Conclusive - meant to tackle German Konjunktiv II
Imperative - self-explanatory, I think (Cf. Spanish Vd. and negative imperatives; French soyez, ayez, sachez, and veuillez; and German seien Sie share forms with the subjunctive)
Discoursive - meant to tackle the indirect discourse functions of German Konjunktiv I
Hortative - also self-explanatory, I think. This usually pops up somewhere in a European lang's subjunctive palette.

Over the passage of time, there's been corset-bursting, seepage, accretion, and shift, leaving us where we are today:

Speculative - meant to deal with the purview of Romance language subjunctives

Still does that. The post, Speculative (II), introduced the mnemonic WEIRDOS, which is a Romance-as-second-language pedagogical gimmick. So, much familiar Romance subjunctive turf is covered here:

Il est possible qu'il vienne.
Che helkeths la, gü söb lí hauthauth sho, mprekh.
It's possible that he's coming/will come.

Espero que vengas.
Sí la, gü öçek lí hauthauth sho, ren.
I hope that you're coming/will come.

Unlike the Romance languages, the subjectivity of emotions is not factored into the speculative. In such sentences, Géarthnuns uses plain ol' boring indicative, like English:

Je suis heureux que tu sois là.
Sí la sfalökeb, gü öçek la cha hengedínsav mal sho, nöi.
I'm happy you're here.

From there, sentences like:

Il se peut qu'il pleuve.
Seth lí haufun.
It may rain.

coaxed the speculative out of the subordinate clause and into the main clause where Germanic modal auxiliaries may reside (discussed in Speculative (I)):

Das mag wohl sein.
Che helkeths la shöteth haunöi.
That well may be.

At some point, usage bled over into the protasis. However, while a subjunctive in the protasis of certain European langs sets up for an irrealis shoe to drop:

Si fuera rico,
Wenn ich reich wäre,
Sí la aukhnöth haunöi sho,
If I were rich,

it does not necessarily in the Géarthnuns, where the interpretation could equally be:

Si soy rico,
Wenn ich reich bin,
Sí la aukhnöth haunöi sho,
If I am rich,

Conclusive - meant to tackle German Konjunktiv II

By which was meant the would, could, should of English. Still does that insofar as it occurs in an apodosis. However, whether the verb is irrealis or not is dependent on an irrealis adverb and not the verb itself:

Sí la sauk çörsauch mnörauch hauven sho, sí lí öçkek sü ömbaksüt ölzdenü hegamez.
If I had ten florins, I would give you half.

Take out the adverb, and the sentence is realis (though in Géarthnuns grammatically not the indicative):

Sí la sauk çörsauch mnörauch hauven sho, sí lí öçkek sü ömbaksüt hegamez.
If I have ten florins, I will give you half.

From there, the conclusive's range expanded to the "Y-verb" in such sentence structures as:

If X, then Y.
Unless X, then Y.
Because/Since X, Y.
X, so/therefore Y.
Whenever X, Y.

which may or may not be covered by the indicative in other languages. As was discussed in the Conclusive post, the conclusive and the indicative part company in that as the "Y-verb", the conclusive presupposes an X clause, tacit or explicit. If a phrase is said in the conclusive without a baseline between speaker and listener as to what X is, then Y comes off as stunningly random and confusing.

Imperative - self-explanatory

So why belabor it? However [>:D] , indirect imperatives, which take an infinitive in English, take a subordinate clause in Géarthnuns, which means the imperative may "conjugate" for tense and not just for the second person:

Sí lé, gü söb lé che töthsev hüdínashöth sho, ronjöth.
I told him to get out of the car.

Cf. Hungarian:

Azt mondtad, hogy nézzek ki az ablakon.
Öçek lé, gü sí la chü chívaksüb kéçö hüdimtel sho, ronjöth.
You told me to look out the window.

Other verbs, like "insist", will take a subordinate imperative in Géarthnuns, which in turn will translate as a subjunctive many should be familiar with:

J'insiste pour que vous soyez à l'heure.
Sí la, gü öçek lí chí rhkelsív hümal sho, udvonazh.
I insist that you be on time.

Discoursive - meant to tackle the indirect discourse functions of German Konjunktiv I

Still does that.

Er sagte, sie kenne meine Schwester.
Söb lé, gü san la cha kfainsat sítenat höihumpeth sho, ngamath.
He said she knew my sister.

Er hat uns gesagt, daß er Italienisch spreche.
Söb lé makhlamal, gü thpau la chau ítalíanolatöirsaun höimöl sho, íaugavel.
He told us that he spoke Italian.

Er fragte, ob er zu viel gesagt habe.
Söb lé, gü thpau lé rhösa'u höingamath sho, néçaf.
He asked if he had said to much.

Even moving to "know" isn't a big leap:

Er wußte nicht, wie es ihr jetzt ginge.
Fökh lé, gü san lé cheveçö höilin sho, sferül.
He didn't know how she was.

which may lead to distinctions in degrees of certitude:

Sí la, gü san lí hauthauth sho, övaz.
I think she's coming. (speculative - it's a shot; I'm not God)

Sí la, gü san lí höithauth sho, sferül.
I know she's coming. (discoursive - accepted as true)

Sí lé, gü san lí höithauth sho, sthövekh.
I thought (wrongly) she was coming. (discoursive - taken as granted, albeit erroneously)

And from there, perceptions that lead to a certain understanding:

Sí la, gü síl la cha feldhaudensat höizhgöz sho, ba tel/shal kalokh.
I can see/hear that he/she's mowing the lawn.

which is not the same as: I can see/hear him/her mowing the lawn.

Hortative - also self-explanatory

And is coming up in the next post, so don't want to give away the candy store. The gentle reader can probably anticipate how that's mostly going to play out, yet one hopes there will be a few added bonbons to pique the interest. At any rate, it's another healthy slice of subjunctive.

gestaltist wrote:This is very good.
Thank you.
Subscribing.
♫ ♬ Come aboard, we're expecting yoooou...
Géarthnuns!
Soon will be making another run,
Géarthnuns!
Promises something for ev'ryone...
♫ ♬

(♫ ♬ Set a course for adventure,
Your mind on a new parlance...
♫ ♬)
Last edited by Lao Kou on 05 May 2015 09:41, edited 1 time in total.
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eldin raigmore
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Re: Géarthnuns - The Thread

Post by eldin raigmore »

You answered my questions thoroughly; even the ones you weren't sure you understood.
(I think the reason they were unclear to you is that I worded them based on guesses that turned out to be wrong.)

So "discoursive" is for indirect quotation?
I think it's good to have such a mood; but I think I've seen it called other labels, e.g. "quotative" or maybe even "indirect(ive)".
I'm not sure "discoursive" isn't at least as good a label; OTOH I'm not sure there isn't a better label.
But whatever; that's what this mood is for and that's what this grammar is going to call it and you've been explicit about it right from the beginning, so "it's all good".
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Re: Géarthnuns - The Thread

Post by Lao Kou »

Chau Ürafömírs - The Hortative

Chü Tubílíbdönöks - Formation

The seventh and final mood of verbs in Géarthnuns does not take a frilténs; each conjugational grouping has its own formation in the hortative. As such, the gentle reader may find it useful to review the conjugations as introduced in More About Nouns (III):

Code: Select all

Conjugation	Final Letter	 Example	 

First				 -f		    balaf - stop		
Second			   -zh	      vazh - buy		
Third			    -z	       kadiz - go		
Fourth            -n          mölman - sing         
Fifth				 -kh	      gvezíökh - catch	   
Sixth			    -l		    kshel - beg					
Seventh           -th         síuth - thank     
First Conjugation:

First conjugation verbs form their hortative by attaching the prefix "zçöt-" directly to the verb, regardless of what it starts with:

zçöt- + citation form

balaf (stop) → zçötbalafzçötbalaf
öf (build) → zçötöfzçötöf
íf (stay) → zçötífzçötíf
héf (sleep) → zçöthéfzçöt'héf
vangaf (fly) → zçötvangafzçötvangaf
palenguf (leave) → zçötpalengufzçötpalenguf
gíf (bind) → zçötgífzçötgíf
halsöf (settle) → zçöthalsöfzçöt'halsöf
dlübef (feed) → zçötdlübefzçötdlübef
nthérauf (simmer) → zçötnthéraufzçötnthérauf
dhökferöif (film) → zçötdhökferöifzçötdhökferöif

N.B.: As noted in Note 19 on Pronunciation and Orthography in the first post, doubled letters are not allowed in the orthography, so when the prefix knocks up against a verb starting with a tu, one tu is dropped:

tengüdhauf (be warm) → zçöttengüdhauf*zçöttengüdhaufzçötengüdhauf
tsénof (address) → zçöttsénof*zçöttsénofzçötsénof
twímöifef (swing) → zçöttwímöifef*zçöttwímöifefzçötwímöifef
tlüçanef (confide) → zçöttlüçanef*zçöttlüçanefzçötlüçanef

The prefix "zçöt-" falls under the Category 3 reading of zçéna, outlined in Note 9 of Pronunciation and Orthography; that is, the prefix may be read either as [ʑøt] or [kwøt].

Second Conjugation:

For second conjugation verbs, the final zharö is dropped and replaced with a rín:

(citation form - final zh) + -r

vazh (buy) → varvar
uzh (blossom) → urur
íezh (knit) → íeríer
ndezh (cure) → ndernder
hombeküzh (weld) → hombekürhombekür
fuzh (write) → furfur
vízh (succeed) → rvír
glozh (eat) → glorglor
ngövezh (pay) → ngöverngöver
gzunpízh (mean) → gzunpírgzunpír
soraubvadezh (slow-cook) → soraubvadersoraubvader

The third and fourth conjugations will entail distinctions between the vowels and vowels shumatsöin (marked by a diacritic in the native orthography), so gentle readers may wish to pause and refresh their knowledge of the romanization of the Géarthnuns vowel system:

Code: Select all

Vowel	 Romanization	|	Romanization	 Vowel Shumatsöin

asha			 a			|	     ai			asha shumatsöin
ut			   u			|        ü		    ut shumatsöin
imbe			 i			|	     í			 imbe shumatsöin
öne			  ö			|        o		    öne shumatsöin
enga  		  e			|        é			 enga shumatsöin
aur			  au		  |        ou			aur shumatsöin
öize			 öi		  |	     oi		   öize shumatsöin

Third Conjugation:

For third conjugation verbs, the vowel before the final becomes a vowel shumatsöin and an asha is inserted between the vowel shumatsöin and the final :

(citation form - final z)(end vowelvowel shumatsöin) + -a- + (replaced final z)

kadiz (go) → kadízkadíazkadíaz
éöz (exclaim) → éozéoazéoaz
haz (transport) → haizhaiazhaiaz
förhífaz (dance) → förhífaizförhífaiazförhífaiaz
vebuz (worsen) → vebüzvebüazvebüaz
shöz (run) → shozshoazshoaz
nzdanez (walk) → nzdanéznzdanéaznzdanéaz
auz (fetch) → ouzouazouaz
öiz (cover one's eyes) → oizoiazoiaz
zçarhuz (establish) → zçarhüzzçarhüazzçarhüaz
gamez (give) → gamézgaméazgaméaz

N.B.: Imbe shumatsöin, coming as it does before the final -az, will always be read as a consonantal [j]. For example: kadíaz will be read [kaˈdjaz].
Ut shumatsöin before the final -az, however, may be read as [y], adding a syllable, or as [ɥ], not adding a syllable. For example: zçarhüaz may be read as [ˌʑaXyˈaz] or as [ʑaˈXɥaz].

Only a couple of verbs found in the lexicon thus far have a consonant between the last vowel and the final . The vowel shumatsöin and asha come before the :

linz (catch fire) → línzlíanzlíanz
horhozvenz (trace, date) → horhozvénzhorhozvéanzhorhozvéanz

(N.B.: Additional examples will be edited in as they are found in the lexicon.)

Fourth Conjugation:

For fourth conjugation verbs, the vowel before the final becomes a vowel shumatsöin:

(citation form - final n)(end vowelvowel shumatsöin) + (replaced final n)

mölman (sing) → mölmainmölmain
abarön (justify) → abaronabaron
íaswön (be grateful) → íaswoníaswon
hin (use) → hínhín
fun (rain) → fünfün
frin (suffice) → frínfrín
ven (have) → vénvén
radzön (show) → radzonradzon
sesinaplen (condole) → sesinaplénsesinaplén

Fifth Conjugation:

For fifth conjugation verbs, the final vaukh is dropped and replaced with a chem:

(citation form - final kh) + -ch

gvezíökh (catch) → gvezíöchgvezíöch
nggavökh (kill) → nggavöchnggavöch
öilemiçnakh (survive) → öilemiçnachöilemiçnach
ízhökh (triumph) → ízhöchízhöch
zhövakh (freeze) → zhövachzhövach
gvusukh (be likely) → gvusuchgvusuch
ökfíkh (receive) → ökfíchökfích
thubekh (recover) → thubechthubech
dhgaukh (screw) → dhgauchdhgauch
dvétekh (bang) → dvétechdvétech
kfakh (need) → kfachkfach

Sixth Conjugation:

For sixth conjugation verbs, hortatives are formed by prefixed reduplication:

1) a) For monosyllabic verbs starting with a consonant, the reduplicated part of the syllable is all but the final lésa:

kshel (beg) → kshekshelkshekshel
möl (speak) → mölmömöl
shal (hear) → shashalshashal
fel (depict, represent) → fefelfefel

b) For monosyllabic verbs starting with a vowel, the vowel is reduplicated and a ba is inserted between the two vowels:

al (write calligraphically) → abalabal
el (be satisfied) → ebelebel

2) a) For polysyllabic verbs starting with a consonant, the entire first syllable is reduplicated:

haisal (deep-fry) → haihaisalhaihaisal
wagravel (spread one's reputation) → wawagravelwawagravel
bvérhel (count) → bvébvérhelbvébvérhel
dvölesal (raise (animals)) → dvödvölesaldvödvölesal

b) For polysyllabic verbs starting with a vowel, the vowel is reduplicated, but it also co-opts the initial consonant(s) from the following syllable:

ísüél (sprout) → ísísüélísísüél
íkföl (chat) → íkfíkfölíkfíkföl
angal (lift, break, cancel) → angangalangangal
uvel (don) → uvuveluvuvel
ödnal (be stumped) → ödnödnalödnödnal

If the initial syllable ends in a consonant, such co-opting is unnecessary:

auçpul (tear) → auçauçpulauçauçpul

In cases where the following syllable also starts with a vowel, the initial vowel is reduplicated and a ba is inserted between the two vowels

aésíl (set) → abaésílabaésíl

c) For polysyllabic verbs starting with a syllabic nasal, the syllabic nasal is reduplicated (this is one of the exceptions, touched on in Note 19 on Pronunciation and Orthography in the first post, where double letters are allowed). Stress normally falls on the second syllabic nasal:

mpril (be annoyed) → mmprilmmpril ([mˈmpɾɪl])
ngkötel (witness) → ngngkötelngngkötel ([ŋˈŋkøˌtɛl])
ndharhal (debate) → nndharhalnndharhal ([nˈnðaˌXal])

3) Some verbal prefixes, like "dim-" and "fté-", are perceived as an integral part of the verb and therefore lend themselves easily to reduplication:

dimtel (look at, watch) → dimdimteldimdimtel
ftérhal (read in vain) → ftéftérhalftéftérhal

Others, like "dína-" and "seme-", are viewed as "add-ons", so the stylistically preferred choice, strongly advocated by the Academia, is to reduplicate the syllable after such a prefix:

dínagwerhel (dismiss) → dínagwegwerheldínagwegwerhel
sememöl (respond, react) → sememölsememömöl

However, one will encounter such forms as:

dínagwerhel (dismiss) → dínagwerheldídínagwerhel
sememöl (respond, react) → sesememölsesememöl

These are not endorsed by the Academia, and are still considered by that part of the general population that cares as childish, jocular, slummingly conversational, and not to be used if one wishes to be taken seriously. Only time will tell if they move beyond marginal usage.

Seventh Conjugation:

Seventh conjugation verbs form their hortative by attaching the suffix -ta directly to the verb:

citation form + -ta

síuth (thank) → síuthtasíuthta
inth (read aloud) → inthtainthta
íömpeth (separate) → íömpethtaíömpethta
huth (waft) → huthtahuthta
malozhdíath (alight) → malozhdíathtamalozhdíathta
ousüth (answer) → ousüthtaousüthta
thauth (come) → thauthtathauthta
nskömeth (request) → nskömethtanskömethta
sörhath (visit) → sörhathtasörhathta
kshöth (hoe) → kshöthtakshöthta
funarhath (smell like rain) → funarhathtafunarhathta

Nöi et alia:

Whether the copular nöi and its derivatives are irregular verbs or constitute their own miniature verb class proper elicits at the Academia what might be termed "heated discussion". Both sides of the divide, however, are in unanimous agreement that they are decidedly not an eighth conjugation, so if one wishes to be invited to one of the Academia's celebrated garden parties, one shouldn't even think about suggesting such a thing aloud. We leave it to gentle readers to decide for themselves. Should one find oneself at an Academia garden party if the subject arises, the non-native is advised to smile knowingly and fill his/her mouth with one of the delicious cucumber finger sandwiches on offer. Regardless of where one may fall on the issue, for this grouping of verbs, the final öize is dropped and replaced with an ut shumatsöin:

(citation form - final öi) +

nöi (be) → nü
vanöi (become) → vanüvanü
zçenöi (slowly become, wax) → zçenüzçenü
kwaunöi (slowly "unbecome", wane) → kwaunükwaunü
sénöi (remain, stay) → sénüsénü
çürenöi (remain, be left) → çürenüçürenü
psönöi (look, seem) → psönüpsönü

With the three tenses, five voices, and seven moods introduced thus far, the verb paradigm now looks like this:

Indicative:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Present	    Past         Future		     
Active           la gamez      lé gamez	  lí gamez     			    
Passive          lat gamez     lét gamez    lít gamez
Dative Passive   lak gamez     lék gamez    lík gamez
Causative        lan gamez     lén gamez    lín gamez
Caus. Passive    lab gamez     léb gamez    líb gamez
Interrogative:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Present	    Past          Future		     
Active           la högamez    lé högamez    lí högamez	       			    
Passive          lat högamez   lét högamez   lít högamez 
Dative Passive   lak högamez   lék högamez   lík högamez
Causative        lan högamez   lén högamez   lín högamez 
Caus. Passive    lab högamez   léb högamez   líb högamez
Speculative:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Present	     Past           Future		     
Active           la haugamez    lé haugamez    lí haugamez	       			    
Passive          lat haugamez   lét haugamez   lít haugamez 
Dative Passive   lak haugamez   lék haugamez   lík haugamez
Causative        lan haugamez   lén haugamez   lín haugamez
Caus. Passive    lab haugamez   léb haugamez   líb haugamez
Conclusive:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Present	     Past           Future		     
Active           la hegamez     lé hegamez     lí hegamez	       			    
Passive          lat hegamez    lét hegamez    lít hegamez 
Dative Passive   lak hegamez    lék hegamez    lík hegamez
Causative        lan hegamez    lén hegamez    lín hegamez 
Caus. Passive    lab hegamez    léb hegamez    líb hegamez
Imperative:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Present	     Past           Future		     
Active           la hügamez     lé hügamez     lí hügamez	       			    
Passive          lat hügamez    lét hügamez    lít hügamez 
Dative Passive   lak hügamez    lék hügamez    lík hügamez
Causative        lan hügamez    lén hügamez    lín hügamez 
Caus. Passive    lab hügamez    léb hügamez    líb hügamez
Discoursive:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Present	     Past           Future		     
Active           la höigamez    lé höigamez    lí höigamez	       			    
Passive          lat höigamez   lét höigamez   lít höigamez 
Dative Passive   lak höigamez   lék höigamez   lík höigamez
Causative        lan höigamez   lén höigamez   lín höigamez
Caus. Passive    lab höigamez   léb höigamez   líb höigamez
Hortative:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Present	    Past          Future		     
Active           la gaméaz     lé gaméaz	  lí gaméaz     			    
Passive          lat gaméaz    lét gaméaz    lít gaméaz
Dative Passive   lak gaméaz    lék gaméaz    lík gaméaz
Causative        lan gaméaz    lén gaméaz    lín gaméaz
Caus. Passive    lab gaméaz    léb gaméaz    líb gaméaz
Chü Hínabdönöks - Usage

True to its name, the hortative covers the functions of a hortatory subjunctive, but it also spills over into optative or jussive usages as well:

1) a) Verbs in expressions of wishing, benevolently or malevolently, may be put into the hortative:

Chö díbs la mnékashada'u péaz!
Long live the King!

Chík bwelsíp söik íngözatsöing péretöing la chíl fulsím öçkelím hanarhoin.
May the fleas of a thousand camels infest your armpits.

Sí la aukhnöth .
Would I were rich.

Fökh la kíkhmain.
If only he didn't sing off-key.

Öçek la che mnözçethsen pímathta.
May you have a pleasant journey.

Although the hortative is predominantly used in the present tense, wishes of this type may also be made in the past tense:

Chík bwelsíp söik íngözatsöing péretöing chíl fulsím öçkelím hanarhoin.
Ô, had the fleas of a thousand camels infested your armpits.

aukhnöth .
Would I had been rich.

Fökh lé kíkhmain.
If only he hadn't sung off-key.

Öçek che mnözçethsen pímathta.
Ô, that you had had a pleasant journey.

Less commonly, the future tense may be used, especially if a future time is specifically mentioned in the utterance:

Shtanö fenfe lí téjü kétokh sho, chík bwelsíp söik íngözatsöing péretöing chíl fulsím öçkelím hanarhoin.
May the fleas of a thousand camels infest your armpits when you least expect it.

chau shenkörsauv cha helkethlünsas aukhnöth vanü.
Would I became rich at next week's lottery.

Fökh chö ebrüjebsöv helkeböv kíkhmain.
May he not sing off-key at that contest.

Öçek che mnözçethsen che helkefastöthsev pímathta.
May you have a pleasant journey next month.

b) Many fixed expressions of politesse employ the hortative:

Se dalths techetneketh la öçkek .
May you be having a beautiful day.
(the most complete, polite way to say, "Good day.")

Sí la öçkek híhílel.
That I may beseech you.
(the most complete, polite way to say, "Please.")

Sí la öçkek síuthta.
That I may thank you.
(the most complete, polite way to say, "Thank you.")

Öçek la sít umpethta.
That you may (get to) know me.
(the most complete, polite way to say, "Pleased to meet you.")

Öçek la sík ngílon.
That you may forgive me.
(the most complete, polite way to say, "Excuse me./Sorry.")

Sí la vrauhathta.
That I may express regret.
(the most complete, polite way to say, "Sorry (to hear that)." for sth. not one's fault)

Sí la öçkek vétach.
That I may ask you.
(the most complete, polite way to say, "Excuse me." before asking a question)

Seth lav öçkek Géarthtörsaut kníör.
May one welcome you to Géarthtörs.
(the most complete, polite way to say, "Welcome to...")

The hortative verb alone is most often the most informal version of these expressions:

Híhílel.
Please.

Síuthta.
Thanks.

Umpethta.
Charmed.

Ngílon.
Excuse me./Sorry.

Vrauhathta.
Sorry.

Vétach.
Excuse me.

Kníör.
Welcome.

2) The hortative is also used in jussive expressions:

Ngeg la fau homsaut hauven sho, rheth la söi zhétsöit glor.
S'ils n'ont pas de pain, qu'ils mangent de la brioche.
If they don't have bread, let them eat cake.

Vböçü saur la shahöchensat ba ngamath üraf sho, saur la mömöl.
Since he wants to say something, let him/may he speak.

a) When the causative passive is used in the sense of "have sth. done", second person pronouns cannot occupy subject position because the causer is in the instrumental case (see Causative Passive, Usage, 2), with the result that a direct imperative is not possible. Consequently, what might be an imperative sentence in other languages is a hortative sentence in Géarthnuns:

Chí éíails sítel lab öçken chí alsív sítelív lomahethta, híhílel.
DEF luggage-NOM my-NOM AUX.PRES.CAUSPASS 2SG-INSTR DEF room-LOC my-LOC take.up-HORT, please
Please have my luggage taken up to my room.
(lit.: May my luggage be made by you to be taken up.)

Péters lab öçken che töthset che hengedalthsev röthta, híhílel.
Please have Peter wash the car today.
(lit.: May Peter be made by you to wash the car.)

b) When second person pronouns are available for subject position, a hortative sentence may be interpreted in an optative sense, as above in 1):

Öçek la vír.
May you succeed.

But in a jussive sense, the hortative takes on the role of an imperative aimed at no one in particular. Compare:

Seth la naiata'u fun. Fenfe la va péfuntapsat hünöçakakh.
It's raining outside. Don't forget your umbrella.
(imperative - I'm your mother and I'm talking to you)

vs.

Seth la naiata'u fun. Fenfe la va péfuntapsat nöçakach.
It's raining outside. Don't forget your umbrella.
(hortative - one might hear this as a bus announcement or from a radio or TV weather forecaster; one isn't necessarily addressing you specifically, but anyone who feels they might be the addressee. Hey, let's not forget that umbrella.)

This probably started out with the impersonal third person pronoun, in the style of the set expression for "Welcome" seen above. That is:

Seth la naiata'u fun. Feg lav va péfuntapsat nöçakach.
It's raining outside. May one not forget his/her umbrella.

However, the second person pronouns have gained increased currency over the last century as more personable, and used in conjunction with the hortative, are seen as nicely straddling the line between the impersonal hortative, delightfully polite but a bit distancing, and a direct imperative, a kid glove slap in the face if the context isn't just right. As a result, second person hortatives are often heard in public situations:

Chau maloshöthalörsauv, öçek/kfazh la chek vzovethsech hethta.
When alighting, take your personal effects with you.

Fenfe/Hésh lan vöik sékledhsöich ulvain.
Do not leave children unattended.

Public signage tries to utilize space effectively, so the subject pronouns and shléts are usually dropped:

ÍEÍEPÖL
STOP

SÖKHFÍAZ
YIELD

Chí stíadalsít kétoch.
Mind the gap.

Va feldhaudepsat chloivéaz.
Don't step on the grass.

as they are in these ossified spoken and written forms:

Tetel gí.
Behold!/Lo!/Voilà!

Shashal gí.
Hark!/Hear ye!/Oyez!

With the truncated forms, curmudgeonly conservatives can interpret them as third person impersonals, those who like the personable approach can read in second person pronouns, and everybody is happy.

Second person hortatives also appear in the writing of recipes. The full form is normally used for the first instruction, with subsequent steps employing truncated sentences:

- Öçek la chö tfaubsöt, chü íéraksüt, zhö chau bdhírsaut söi tíetsöiv öüna'u nothta.
- Mix the flour, sugar, and baking soda thoroughly in a bowl.

- Síl íölsím nadíwar.
- Add two eggs.

3) The hortative is used in the first person dual or plural in suggestive imperative sense, often translated in English as "Let's":

Trízh la chau dhvénarsauv Laurelsíb zhö Hardíbauthseb sfen kadíaz.
Let's go to the party as Laurel ad Hardy.

Raizh la ví içdimtelsít helkelít kfövar.
Let's not rent that movie.

Makhlama la förhífaiaz!
Let's dance!

As with direct imperatives, if the context is clear, the subject pronoun and shléts are frequently dispensed with:

Kadíaz. - Let's go.

Similarly, with context, body language, and intonation all in play, a negative interpretation is also possible:

Kadíaz. - Let's not go.

but, of course, the addition of a complement will remove any possible ambiguity in polarity:

Chü içdimtelímarangíksüv kadíaz. - Let's go to the cinema.

Vü içdimtelímarangídsüv kadíaz. - Let's not go to the cinema.

As with truncated direct imperatives, this is an intimate, in-group, familiar form of address. Using it on people outside of one's family and coterie, without an established rapport, sounds unduly casual and may elicit an averse or adverse reaction.

Sak Flaivonapwerinsap Sfönap - Other Example Sentences

Kupaiaz!
Help!

Chí panfalsít zçötapwíf!
Stop thief!

Let's party!

Stir-fried wug (a recipe)

Hengegíau chau radzöntölörsauv sík shajinhakfalíshevílsíng toulíng, ezhdölsíng palavelíng, zhö sauk shajinhakfalíchorsaung zhösheraung, chöi shajinhakfalíeskanets la gaiçö hengeveçö hepsönöi:

Agamírs:
Spoiler:

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                 Ashevíls	   Éshevíls     Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la gamez      lé gamez	  lí gamez     			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat gamez     lét gamez    lít gamez
Gamezhdöls       lak gamez     lék gamez    lík gamez
Çédezhdöls       lan gamez     lén gamez    lín gamez
Babezhdöls       lab gamez     léb gamez    líb gamez
Néçafömírs:
Spoiler:

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                 Ashevíls	   Éshevíls      Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la högamez    lé högamez    lí högamez	       			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat högamez   lét högamez   lít högamez 
Gamezhdöls       lak högamez   lék högamez   lík högamez
Çédezhdöls       lan högamez   lén högamez   lín högamez
Babezhdöls       lab högamez   léb högamez   líb högamez
Noimírs:
Spoiler:

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                 Ashevíls	    Éshevíls       Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la haugamez    lé haugamez    lí haugamez	       			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat haugamez   lét haugamez   lít haugamez 
Gamezhdöls       lak haugamez   lék haugamez   lík haugamez
Çédezhdöls       lan haugamez   lén haugamez   lín haugamez
Babezhdöls       lab haugamez   léb haugamez   líb haugamez
Staumírs:
Spoiler:

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                 Ashevíls	    Éshevíls       Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la hegamez     lé hegamez     lí hegamez	       			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat hegamez    lét hegamez    lít hegamez
Gamezhdöls       lak hegamez    lék hegamez    lík hegamez
Çédezhdöls       lan hegamez    lén hegamez    lín hegamez
Babezhdöls       lab hegamez    léb hegamez    líb hegamez
Kfangölímírs:
Spoiler:

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                 Ashevíls	    Éshevíls       Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la hügamez     lé hügamez     lí hügamez	       			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat hügamez    lét hügamez    lít hügamez
Gamezhdöls       lak hügamez    lék hügamez    lík hügamez
Çédezhdöls       lan hügamez    lén hügamez    lín hügamez
Babezhdöls       lab hügamez    léb hügamez    líb hügamez
Ngamathemírs:
Spoiler:

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                 Ashevíls	    Éshevíls       Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la höigamez    lé höigamez    lí höigamez	       			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat höigamez   lét höigamez   lít höigamez 
Gamezhdöls       lak höigamez   lék höigamez   lík höigamez
Çédezhdöls       lan höigamez   lén höigamez   lín höigamez
Babezhdöls       lab höigamez   léb höigamez   líb höigamez
Ürafömírs:
Spoiler:

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                 Ashevíls	   Éshevíls     Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la gaméaz     lé gaméaz	 lí gaméaz     			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat gaméaz    lét gaméaz   lít gaméaz
Gamezhdöls       lak gaméaz    lék gaméaz   lík gaméaz
Çédezhdöls       lan gaméaz    lén gaméaz   lín gaméaz
Babezhdöls       lab gaméaz    léb gaméaz   líb gaméaz
Last edited by Lao Kou on 21 Sep 2015 13:59, edited 7 times in total.
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loglorn
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Re: Géarthnuns - The Thread

Post by loglorn »

All my conlanging just felt so puny. Hadn't felt like that since I opened that Siwa Grammar PDF.

That basically means Gearthnuns is unbelievably awesome.
Diachronic Conlanging is the path to happiness, given time. [;)]

Gigxkpoyan Languages: CHÍFJAEŚÍ RETLA TLAPTHUV DÄLDLEN CJUŚËKNJU ṢATT

Other langs: Søsøzatli Kamëzet
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Re: Géarthnuns - The Thread

Post by Lao Kou »

Síuthta. [:)]
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protondonor
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Re: Géarthnuns - The Thread

Post by protondonor »

New Géarthnuns post!! dances with glee [:D] [:D] [:D]

Your grammar examples are so great and give me so much to strive for. I'm also delighted by the fact that Géarthnuns has its own native linguistic vocabulary. I could imagine this series of posts as part of a GSL textbook.
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Re: Géarthnuns - The Thread

Post by Lao Kou »

Síuthta. Sí lab, gü cha géarthnuns lön shahöchethset chö zhgöbsön kfaiktö förhífaz sho, mbé fsherazh. [:)]
thank-HORT | 1SG-NOM AUX.PRES.CAUSPASS, CONJ DEF Géarthnuns AUX.PRESPRF.CAUS someone-ACC DEF glee-INSTR prompt-ADV.PRESPRF dance PTCL, "regrettably"-ADV feel.worthy
Thanks. I'm flattered that Géarthnuns has prompted someone to dance with glee.
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Re: Géarthnuns - The Thread

Post by Khemehekis »

Ooh, now Lao Kou's done all seven verb moods! I wonder what's next!
♂♥♂♀

Squirrels chase koi . . . chase squirrels

My Kankonian-English dictionary: 87,413 words and counting

31,416: The number of the conlanging beast!
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Re: Géarthnuns - The Thread

Post by Lao Kou »

Chí Semezhdöls - The Reflexive

Chü Tubílíbdönöks - Formation

To form the reflexive, the genitive -s of the nominal declensions is affixed to the shléts:

lalaslas

la dlugözh - adjusts, is adjusting, does adjust
las dlugözh - adjusts itself, is adjusting itself, does adjust itself

la chafaz - cuts, is cutting, does cut
las chafaz - cuts itself, is cutting itself, does cut itself

la röth - washes, is washing, does wash
las röth - washes itself, is washing itself, does wash itself

With the three tenses, six voices, and seven moods introduced thus far, the verb paradigm now looks like this:

Indicative:
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                 Present	    Past         Future		     
Active           la gamez      lé gamez	  lí gamez     			    
Passive          lat gamez     lét gamez    lít gamez
Dative Passive   lak gamez     lék gamez    lík gamez
Causative        lan gamez     lén gamez    lín gamez
Caus. Passive    lab gamez     léb gamez    líb gamez
Reflexive        las gamez     lés gamez    lís gamez      
Interrogative:
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                 Present	    Past          Future		     
Active           la högamez    lé högamez    lí högamez	       			    
Passive          lat högamez   lét högamez   lít högamez 
Dative Passive   lak högamez   lék högamez   lík högamez
Causative        lan högamez   lén högamez   lín högamez 
Caus. Passive    lab högamez   léb högamez   líb högamez
Reflexive        las högamez   lés högamez   lís högamez
Speculative:
Spoiler:

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                 Present	     Past           Future		     
Active           la haugamez    lé haugamez    lí haugamez	       			    
Passive          lat haugamez   lét haugamez   lít haugamez 
Dative Passive   lak haugamez   lék haugamez   lík haugamez
Causative        lan haugamez   lén haugamez   lín haugamez
Caus. Passive    lab haugamez   léb haugamez   líb haugamez
Reflexive        las haugamez   lés haugamez   lís haugamez
Conclusive:
Spoiler:

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                 Present	     Past           Future		     
Active           la hegamez     lé hegamez     lí hegamez	       			    
Passive          lat hegamez    lét hegamez    lít hegamez 
Dative Passive   lak hegamez    lék hegamez    lík hegamez
Causative        lan hegamez    lén hegamez    lín hegamez 
Caus. Passive    lab hegamez    léb hegamez    líb hegamez
Reflexive        las hegamez    lés hegamez    lís hegamez
Imperative:
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                 Present	     Past           Future		     
Active           la hügamez     lé hügamez     lí hügamez	       			    
Passive          lat hügamez    lét hügamez    lít hügamez 
Dative Passive   lak hügamez    lék hügamez    lík hügamez
Causative        lan hügamez    lén hügamez    lín hügamez 
Caus. Passive    lab hügamez    léb hügamez    líb hügamez
Reflexive        las hügamez    lés hügamez    lís hügamez
Discoursive:
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                 Present	     Past           Future		     
Active           la höigamez    lé höigamez    lí höigamez	       			    
Passive          lat höigamez   lét höigamez   lít höigamez 
Dative Passive   lak höigamez   lék höigamez   lík höigamez
Causative        lan höigamez   lén höigamez   lín höigamez
Caus. Passive    lab höigamez   léb höigamez   líb höigamez
Reflexive        las höigamez   lés höigamez   lís höigamez
Hortative:
Spoiler:

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                 Present	    Past          Future		     
Active           la gaméaz     lé gaméaz	  lí gaméaz     			    
Passive          lat gaméaz    lét gaméaz    lít gaméaz
Dative Passive   lak gaméaz    lék gaméaz    lík gaméaz
Causative        lan gaméaz    lén gaméaz    lín gaméaz
Caus. Passive    lab gaméaz    léb gaméaz    líb gaméaz
Reflexive        las gaméaz    lés gaméaz    lís gaméaz
Chü Hínabdönöks - Usage

1) "Accusative Reflexive": The subject and direct object are one and the same:

lés chí kwotfelsín chafaz.
I cut myself shaving.

Öçek las chelöi nzo hödvagakh?
Why are you hitting yourself?

Chü dwérhöks hengek la örhök hírheu, gü sí las süküv hetel sho, nöi.
This plate is so clean that I see myself in it.

Söb lés chau baursauv chan.
He kissed himself in the mirror.

Chö ngarebs las, vaçte söb la helkeveçö kalokh sho, henghezçith.
The dog is licking itself because it can.

Chö shöbsön söktau, vau slams hengem lís röth.
Without sorcery, these dishes aren't going to wash themselves.

2) "Dative Reflexive": The subject and indirect object are one and the same:

Söb lés se zharmöthset íezh.
He knitted himself a sweater.

San las möl.
She is talking to herself.

Chí fefelebölsít chí telsíb puskau, sí lés sa junokfabözhvídensat sau ngírsaun dravnath.
Before watching the video, I made myself a bowl of popcorn.

Öçek la sa jaflensat íatesnenat ven, gaiçö öçek las sö büktíöbsöt hüjduméízh.
You have some extra money, so treat yourself to a massage.

Rheth las, gü híaufans lív mníéí höidnef sho, ngamath.
They're telling themselves that everything will be fine.

3) "Accusative Reciprocal": The subject and direct object are the same with respect to each other:

Beth lés chöi adatsöib köi chön.
They kissed each other under the streetlight.

Sí haulsív küvalív, chak jvengehansap las kupaz.
In a small village, neighbors help each other.

Péters zhö Íöhans lés chí jürdhalsíb naiat dvagakh.
Peter and John were hitting each other outside the bar.

Trízh/Makhlama las ausü tetel.
May we (dual/plural) see each other when next you come.
(the most complete, polite way to say, "Good-bye.")

4) "Dative Reciprocal": The subject and indirect object are the same with respect to each other:

Rheth lés sak ngaralaitürönsach gamez.
They gave each other Christmas presents.

Trízh las sak içpfesensach élöémez.
We send each other e-mails.

Beth lés içmöl.
They phoned each other.

Rheth las sök kemnöküsfadöbsöch chö graihöböngaibsöb ösö ftaukath.
They're telling each other ghost stories by the campfire.

Chík abuçöifelsíp lés sük böksüch abakh.
The delegates screamed insults at each other.

5) In instances where context may not be clear enough to determine whether an utterance is truly reflexive or reciprocal, the reciprocal interpretation may clarified by the adverb "spanga'u". From above:

Rheth las, gü híaufans lív mníéí höidnef sho, ngamath.

could be interpreted as:

a) Each person is telling him/herself or collectively they are telling themselves that everything will be fine.
b) They are telling each other that everything will be fine.

To force interpretation b):

Rheth las, gü híaufans lív mníéí höidnef sho, spanga'u ngamath.
They're telling each other that everything will be fine.

As another example, in the rather unlikely event that one fears that one's listener might construe:

Péters zhö Íöhans lés chí jürdhalsíb naiat dvagakh.

as:

Peter and John were hitting themselves outside the bar.
(Outside the bar, Peter was hitting himself and John was hitting himself.)

"spanga'u" makes the meaning unequivocal:

Péters zhö Íöhans lés chí jürdhalsíb naiat spanga'u dvagakh.
Peter and John were hitting each other outside the bar.

6) Conversely and less desirably, to drive home a truly reflexive interpretation, the emphatic reflexive adverbs may be used:

Péters zhö Íöhans lés chí jürdhalsíb naiat bethníe dvagakh.
Peter and John were hitting themselves outside the bar.
(Outside the bar, Peter was hitting himself and John was hitting himself.)

Emphatic reflexive adverbs are normally used in sentences of the type:

Sí lé sethet síníe dravnath.
I did it myself.

So according to Academia logic, the above sentence should be understood as:

Péters zhö Íöhans lés chí jürdhalsíb naiat bethníe dvagakh.
Peter and John were hitting themselves themselves outside the bar.

and therefore stylistically undesirable unless absolutely necessary to proper understanding.

The emphatic reflexive adverbs are formed by adding "-níe" to personal pronouns, and must agree with their antecedents not only in person and number (and in the the third person, in declension), but also in polarity:

Sí lé sethet síníe dravnath.
I did it myself.

Fí la fökhöt fíníe tel.
I didn't see him myself.

Charts, gentle reader?

First Person:
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       Aff.         Neg.
Sing:  síníe        fíníe       myself
Dual:  trízhníe     raizhníe    ourselves
Pl:    makhlamaníe  pantalaníe  ourselves
Sept:  aurimníe     közethníe   ourselves
Second Person:
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       Aff.         Neg.
Sing:  öçkeníe      fenfeníe    yourself
Dual:  skomníe      dhékhníe    yourselves
Pl:    kfazhníe     héshníe     yourselves
Sept:  wöijníe      vlaníe      yourselves
Third Person:
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       Aff.         Neg.
Sing:  söbníe       fökhníe     him/her/itself
       saurníe      faumníe     him/her/itself
       söitníe      föidhníe    him/her/itself
       samníe       fapníe      him/her/itself
       sükníe       füdníe      him/her/itself
       sílníe       fífníe      him/her/itself
       sethníe      fegníe      him/her/it/oneself
Dual:  böbníe       tökhníe     themselves
       baurníe      taumníe     themselves
       böitníe      töidhníe    themselves
       bamníe       tapníe      themselves
       bükníe       tüdníe      themselves
       bílníe       tífníe      themselves
       bethníe      tegníe      themselves
Pl:    rhöbníe      ngökhníe    themselves
       rhaurníe     ngaumníe    themselves
       rhöitníe     ngöidhníe   themselves
       rhamníe      ngapníe     themselves
       rhükníe      ngüdníe     themselves
       rhílníe      ngífníe     themselves
       rhethníe     ngegníe     themselves
Sept:  zçöbníe      thökhníe    themselves
       zçaurníe     thaumníe    themselves
       zçöitníe     thöidhníe   themselves
       zçamníe      thapníe     themselves
       zçükníe      thüdníe     themselves
       zçílníe      thífníe     themselves
       zçethníe     thegníe     themselves

As these are adverbs, in pragmatically unmarked utterances, they are placed before the verb in the clause:

Vökh shadnökhsöth lé vau pthaumnumsaut thökhníe dlüzçéth.
The dwarves didn't tidy up the cottage themselves.

Pantala la, gü söb lí gérü höithauth sho, pantalaníe sferül.
We ourselves don't know whether he'll be coming or not.

To reiterate points 5 and 6, while the following tragic sentence ought to be clear enough in context:

Chük lumíküp lés nggavökh.
DEF.PL lemming-NOM.PL AUX.PAST.REFL kill

Disambiguation is possible:

Chük lumíküp lés rhükníe nggavökh.
The lemmings killed themselves.
(a mass jumping-off of cliffs to the icy depths below)

Chük lumíküp lés spanga'u nggavökh.
The lemmings killed each other.
(perhaps in the Great Lemming Wars of 1573)

albeit the former is considered stylistically sloppy and to be used only as a measure of last resort.

7) When reflexivity/reciprocity moves out of the accusative and dative realms into something requiring a postposition, yet another adverbial form is required. In this case, the adverb agrees with its antecedent only in declension; it does not agree in person, number, or polarity. The method of forming these adverbs is as follows:

declensional combining form + postposition → adverb

Combining forms:

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Declension

Tfömebs    thpöb(ö)-
Shövars    thpaur(au)-
Spéngets   thpöit(öi)-
Gwílöns    thpan(a)-
Ndöineks   thpük{ü}-
Nrels      thpílí-
Fpaukiths  thpeth(e)-
N.B.: The pténíörs in parentheses is added before postpositions starting with a consonant. The nrels pténíörs is always used, regardless of whether the following sound is a vowel or a consonant (in front of a vowel, it is read [j]). The ndöineks pténíörs is optional before a vowel and may depend on such factors as speaker idiosyncracies, social context, and planetary alignment (if it is included before a vowel, it may be read [y], adding a syllable, or as [ɥ], not adding a syllable).

Example: + -ai → "from each other"

Code: Select all

Declension

Tfömebs    thpöbai
Shövars    thpaurai
Spéngets   thpöitai
Gwílöns    thpanai
Ndöineks   thpükai/thpüküai
Nrels      thpílíai
Fpaukiths  thpethai
Chal shesansazh lés sak kfínürönsach thpanai sémagaf.
The lovers received gifts from each other.

In this construction, if the main verb is active, the reflexive shléts is used:

Chük bdiksüp lés sük vígeksüch thpüküfko gdez.
The soldiers were throwing spears at each other.

Chöi garhéklénebitsöiv, chek íönselalöths las thpethefshé fthaizçöz.
In leapfrog, players jump over each other.

whereas if the main verb is stative, the reflexive shléts is not used:

Chaul kfírsauzh chau kfasharsauv thpaurerhíö bözh.
The leaders sat at the table across from each other.

Chöl béöbsözh la thpöbözçünsaní mal.
The houses are catty-corner from each other.

8) For reflexive causative sentences, the reflexive shléts is used with the verb "hökh" or "gvargön", both glossed as "be such". The verb-linking particle "ba" takes the causative "-n" ending and is placed before the principal content verb:

Söb lés ban shöl hökh.
He made himself cry.

Beth lés (spanga'u) ban shöl gvargön.
They made each other cry.

Sébastíans lés chau béöbsalufersaut ban vangkath hökh.
Sebastian made himself finish his homework.

Sak Flaivonapwerinsap Sfönap - Other Example Sentences

I was pleased with myself.

I find myself looking skyward.

Let's all clink glasses!

Sentence 32 of the Snowball Game

Sentence 224 of the Snowball Game

Sentence 244 of the Snowball Game

Hengegíau chau radzöntölörsauv sík shajinhakfalíshevílsíng toulíng, ezhdölsíng rhalelíng, zhö sauk shajinhakfalíchorsaung zhösheraung, chöi shajinhakfalíeskanets la gaiçö hengeveçö hepsönöi:

Agamírs:
Spoiler:

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                 Ashevíls	   Éshevíls     Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la gamez      lé gamez	  lí gamez     			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat gamez     lét gamez    lít gamez
Gamezhdöls       lak gamez     lék gamez    lík gamez
Çédezhdöls       lan gamez     lén gamez    lín gamez
Babezhdöls       lab gamez     léb gamez    líb gamez
Semezhdöls       las gamez     lés gamez    lís gamez
Néçafömírs:
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                 Ashevíls	   Éshevíls      Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la högamez    lé högamez    lí högamez	       			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat högamez   lét högamez   lít högamez 
Gamezhdöls       lak högamez   lék högamez   lík högamez
Çédezhdöls       lan högamez   lén högamez   lín högamez
Babezhdöls       lab högamez   léb högamez   líb högamez
Semezhdöls       las högamez   lés högamez   lís högamez
Noimírs:
Spoiler:

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                 Ashevíls	    Éshevíls       Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la haugamez    lé haugamez    lí haugamez	       			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat haugamez   lét haugamez   lít haugamez 
Gamezhdöls       lak haugamez   lék haugamez   lík haugamez
Çédezhdöls       lan haugamez   lén haugamez   lín haugamez
Babezhdöls       lab haugamez   léb haugamez   líb haugamez
Semezhdöls       las haugamez   lés haugamez   lís haugamez
Staumírs:
Spoiler:

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                 Ashevíls	    Éshevíls       Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la hegamez     lé hegamez     lí hegamez	       			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat hegamez    lét hegamez    lít hegamez
Gamezhdöls       lak hegamez    lék hegamez    lík hegamez
Çédezhdöls       lan hegamez    lén hegamez    lín hegamez
Babezhdöls       lab hegamez    léb hegamez    líb hegamez
Semezhdöls       las hegamez    lés hegamez    lís hegamez
Kfangölímírs:
Spoiler:

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                 Ashevíls	    Éshevíls       Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la hügamez     lé hügamez     lí hügamez	       			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat hügamez    lét hügamez    lít hügamez
Gamezhdöls       lak hügamez    lék hügamez    lík hügamez
Çédezhdöls       lan hügamez    lén hügamez    lín hügamez
Babezhdöls       lab hügamez    léb hügamez    líb hügamez
Semezhdöls       las hügamez    lés hügamez    lís hügamez
Ngamathemírs:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Ashevíls	    Éshevíls       Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la höigamez    lé höigamez    lí höigamez	       			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat höigamez   lét höigamez   lít höigamez 
Gamezhdöls       lak höigamez   lék höigamez   lík höigamez
Çédezhdöls       lan höigamez   lén höigamez   lín höigamez
Babezhdöls       lab höigamez   léb höigamez   líb höigamez
Semezhdöls       las höigamez   lés höigamez   lís höigamez
Ürafömírs:
Spoiler:

Code: Select all

                 Ashevíls	   Éshevíls     Íshevíls		     
Moküthezhdöls    la gaméaz     lé gaméaz	 lí gaméaz     			    
Shövönezhdöls    lat gaméaz    lét gaméaz   lít gaméaz
Gamezhdöls       lak gaméaz    lék gaméaz   lík gaméaz
Çédezhdöls       lan gaméaz    lén gaméaz   lín gaméaz
Babezhdöls       lab gaméaz    léb gaméaz   líb gaméaz
Semezhdöls       las gaméaz    lés gaméaz   lís gaméaz
Last edited by Lao Kou on 15 Oct 2015 13:07, edited 3 times in total.
道可道,非常道
名可名,非常名
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Lambuzhao
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Re: Géarthnuns - The Thread

Post by Lambuzhao »

Awesome. This gentle reader is a a devoted fan of Reflexives and Reciprocals. Thanks for the explanation. [:)]

I was wondering.
la chafaz - cuts, is cutting, does cut
las chafaz - cuts itself, is cutting itself, does cut itself
What about a kind of Mediopassive "Even if you drop a rock on it, this knife still cuts well" ?

la röth - washes, is washing, does wash
las röth - washes itself, is washing itself, does wash itself
What about "These clothes wash up spiffy in cold water!"



Would these be realized by the Gearthnuns Reflexive or the Causative Passive?
:wat:

P.S. : Sorry for the blatantly late-nite (or whatevs they're called nowadays) commercialese. :roll:
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Lao Kou
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Re: Géarthnuns - The Thread

Post by Lao Kou »

Lambuzhao wrote:This gentle reader is a a devoted fan of Reflexives and Reciprocals.
While one can appreciate Gentle Reader's devotion to the topic, Reflexives and Reciprocals fall somewhere on this humble poster's list of least favorite things with which to contend (in any language):
  • - Comparatives and Superlatives [>_<] [>_<] [>_<]
    - Numbers [>_<] [>_<]
    - Reflexives and Reciprocals [>_<]
    - Watching Paint Dry [:S]
    - Spectator Golf [¬.¬]

In fact, one thought the Reflexive post was going to be a quick-'n'-dirty, hit-it-'n'-quit-it entry, but alas, it kept getting bogged down by, "Oh wait, there's also that. :roll: " What's one to do. Close one's eyes and think of Gdhírs. [B)]

But enough shilly-shallying. On to the task at hand!
Would these be realized by the Géarthnuns Reflexive or the Causative Passive?
One is afraid to disappoint, but neither.
Reflexive Post wrote:la chafaz - cuts, is cutting, does cut
las chafaz - cuts itself, is cutting itself, does cut itself
"Even if you drop a rock on it, this knife still cuts well."
Can be used intransitively -- no big whoop:

Zhdanis seth lív sí kfedhölsít saurauv hauzbíauf sho, chau zdörs henger lí aukhbrelü shfé hechafaz.
even.if 3SG-NOM AUX.FUT.IMPERS INDEF rock-ACC 3SG-LOC drop-SPEC PTCL, DEF rock-NOM this-NOM AUX.FUT still-ADV well-ADV cut-CONCL
Even if you drop a rock on it, this knife still cuts well.
Reflexive Post wrote:la röth - washes, is washing, does wash
las röth - washes itself, is washing itself, does wash itself
"These clothes wash up spiffy in cold water!"
A Mom's apple pie passive does the job:

Cha aléhans hengen lat sü mníaksün shtökün sa basharevensab sfen röth!
DEF clothing-NOM this-NOM AUX.PRES.PASS INDEF water-INSTR cold-INSTR INDEF spiffy-looking.one-POST as wash
These clothes wash up spiffy in cold water!

(For both sentences, one could throw in a mitigating "be able", but when hawking, it is perhaps best to speak confidently.)
Sorry for the blatantly late-nite (or whatevs they're called nowadays) commercialese. :roll:
No worries, Gentle Reader. For another sentence of the "dices and slices, pares, tears, makes julienne fries" variety, we kindly refer the gentle reader to Sentence 236 of the Snowball Game. [:)] And we thank you for your support.
道可道,非常道
名可名,非常名
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