Vålkakil

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Re: Vålkakil

Post by Omzinesý »

Adjectives:
Noun-modifying adjectives that precede their head do not have case or number inflection.

NOM šöhn nehr 'a pretty girl'
APPR šöhn nehråk 'towars a pretty girl'
COM šöhn nehrker 'with a pretty girl'

But if a noun-modifying adjective is focused, it follows its head and agrees it in case and number.
Lühpen nehrat šöhnat.
I.love girl.PL.ACC pretty.PL.ACC
'I like pretty girls.'

As predicatives, adjectives take the essive case.
Nehrat šöhn.tan
girl.PL.NOM pretty.PL.ESS
'The girls are pretty.'
Nachtuil in http://cbbforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=6220 wrote: equative with allative: less x than y
equative with ablative: more x than y
I decided to copy their idea to use cases as comparative and superlative forms. Vålkakil doesn't though have double cases, and just the directional case markers are used. One can of course also analyse them as comparative and superlative markers that are just homonymic with case markers. The predicative form of comparative/superlative doesn't however take an additional essive marker.

-ra 'Ablative' also means 'less', i.e. negative comparative
-åk 'Approximative' also means 'more', i.e. positive comparative
-ak 'Terminative' also means 'most', i.e. positive superlative

A non-fucused modifier doesn't have case/number inflection, like positives neither.
NOM šöhnak nehr 'the prettiest girl'
APPR šöhnak nehråk 'towars the prettiest girl'
COM šöhnak nehrker 'with the prettiest girl'

A focused modifier following the head doesn't either have the case inflection.
NOM nehr šöhnak 'the prettiest girl'
APPR nehråk šöhnak 'towars the prettiest girl'
COM nehrker šöhnak 'with the prettiest girl'

but they have number inflection
Lühpen nehrat šöhn.tra.
I.love girl.PL.ACC pretty.less.PL
'I like less pretty girls.'

Comparative/superlative predicatives also have number, but not case inflection.
Nehrat šöhn.tåk.
girl.PL.NOM pretty.COMP.PL
'The girls are prettier.'

šöhn is borrowed from German schön.
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Re: Vålkakil

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Omzinesý wrote:I have two alternatives for the basic sound changes leading from PU to Vålkakil.
/A/ and /E/ represent the PU lower and higher unstressed vowels, respectively. They may have some vowel harmony.

1. World-final /E/ disappears.
2. Stressed open syllables lengthen.
3. Word-final /A/ disappers
4. Inter-vocalic plosives lenitate.

The west-Uralic alternative

Code: Select all

vetE  kotA
1. vet   kotA
2. vet   ko:tA
3. vet   ko:t

vet 'water' ko:t 'house' 
4. verat 'waters' ko:rat 'houses' 
East-Uralic alternative

Code: Select all

vetE kotA
1. vet kotA
4. vet korA
3. vet kor 

vet 'water' kor 'house'
vetat 'waters' korat 'houses' 
In "East-Uralic alternative" long vowels are developed by lenitation of /p/ and /k/, which can also appear in what is coda in modern Vålkakil.
In "west-Uralic alternative" long vowels are developed by lengthening open stressed syllables.
"West-Uralic" alternative generates a Finnic/Saami-kind vowel gradation, but I think I don't want Vålkakil to have them. I think I'll go with "East-Uralic" alternative and develop some other consonant alternations. Maybe gemination/prestopping at morpheme boundary (vettat 'waters', kodrat 'houses'), though I don't what them to every word either.
Now, I've decided to go with the "West-Uralic" alternative, anyway. It preserves the old consonant clusters. They are just interesting.
Vålkakil doesn't however have qualitative consonant gradation. So rule 4 doesn't appear and genitive-datives of /ko:t/ and vet are /ko:ta/ and /veta/, respectively, not /ko:ra/.

Now my problem is what consonants are affected. I cannot fully preserve Proto-Uralic consonant system however. It would just be unnatural because Vålkakil is a modern language and PU is dated some thousands years ago.
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Re: Vålkakil

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I'll add Adnominal Genitive case, Basque grammar calles it Local genitive ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_grammar#Cases ).

Its marker is /si/, which is simply the (adverbal) locative suffix /sa/ + adjectival suffix /i/. It is added to the prevoiced consonant stem if there is one.

(1)
Naki kojå kohdsa.
nak-i koj-å koht-sa
see-SG1.PST man-ACC house-LOC
'I saw a man in the house.'

(2)
Naki kojå kohdsi.
nak-i koj-å koht-si
see-SG1.PST man-ACC house-ANLOC
'I saw [a man in the house].'
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Re: Vålkakil

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i-adjectives

Derivational suffix /i/ (with back allomorph <y>) is very productive in Vålkakil. It can be added to nouns.

koj 'man' -> kojy 'male'
Vålkia 'Belarus' -> vålkih 'Belorussian '.
verp 'verb' -> verpi 'verbal'
mohr 'field' -> mohry 'landlord'
jommal 'god' -> jombly 'divine'
koht 'house' -> kohty 'livable'

/i/ suffix is added to the consonant stem in the nominative. It is not the prevoiced stem, if there is another option. In Accusative, Genitive-Dative, and Approximative the consonant is however geminated (excluding /j/ and /v/ which cannot geminate).

NOM kohty 'livable'
ACC kohtty
GEN-DAT kohttu
APPR kohttu

All other cases are kohty when the modify and precede the head noun.


i-adjectives used nounlike and with all cases
NOM kohty
ACC kohttu
GEN.DAT kohtty
PART kohtira
ESS kohtyn

COM-INSTR kohttykeg
ABESS kohtift
ADN.LOC kohtysi

LOC kohtyna
ABL kohtyra
APPR kohttuk
TERM kohtyk
Last edited by Omzinesý on 31 Jul 2017 11:51, edited 1 time in total.
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Re: Vålkakil

Post by Omzinesý »

Cases revisited

5 syntactic cases

Nominative koht
Accusative kohtå
Genitive-Dative kohta
Partitive kohtta
Edit: Essive-Formal kohtan
Essive-Modal Kohdliš
3 "other" cases
Comitative-Instrumental kohdkeg
Abessive kohtaft
Adnominal locative kohdsi

4 local cases
Locative kohdsa
Ablative kohd.ra
Approximative kohtåk
Edit: kohtås
Terminative kohtak

Diachronic development:

Nominative (zero)
PU nouns ended in /a/ or /E/. Both of them are elided and a consonant stem is left. There are though nouns with vocalic stems.
Genitive-Dative /a/
PU genitive dative marker was /n/ which was added to the vocalic stem with /A/ or /E/. The /n/ was elided and the bare vocalic stem was left.
Accusative /å/
PU accusative dative marker was /m/ which was added to the vocalic stem with /A/ or /E/. /m/ elided, but it compensatorily lengthened the stem vowel and made it rounded. Later the long vowel was shortened.
Partitive /ta/ or /ra/
PU had Separative case suffix /tV/. West-Uralic has it /tA/. This is the same suffix as that of Vålkakil ablative. Partitive suffix however tends to be added to the consonant stem, which is sometimes prevoice. The lenited suffix /ra/ identical to that of Ablative is used with nouns that don't have a consonant stem.
Essive /an/
PU had the locative suffix /nA/. The /A/ was lenited and the stem vowel was analysed as a part of the suffix.

Comitative-Instrumental /këg/ or /keg/ (back-vocalic alternative with /a/ and /å/ nouns as well)
/kë:g/ was an old postposition (Finnish /kera/) with was clitizied to the genitive-dative. The stem vowel was later elided, but the consonant cluster C+k was left prevoiced, because of the elided vowel.
Abessive /aft/
PU had a caritative suffix /ptA/. /p/ changed to /f/, like always in unprevoiced consonant cluster. It is added to the vocalic stem and the vowel can be analysed as part of the suffix.
Adnominal locative /si/ or /sy/ (front vocalic allomorph preferred after stem having just /a/ or /å/)
West-Uralic (as well as Vålkakil) has /sa/ as a locative suffix. Old /PU/ adjectival suffix /i/ was added to the locative. The suffix was earlier added to the vowel stem, but the vowel is elided and it left the consonant cluster C+s prevoiced.

Locative /sa/
West-Uralic has /sa/ as a locative suffix. The suffix was earlier added to the vowel stem, but the vowel is elided and it left the consonant cluster C+s prevoiced.
Ablative /ra/
PU had Separative case suffix /tV/. West-Uralic has it /tA/. This is the same suffix as that of Vålkakil partitive, but Abalative suffix was added to the vowel stem and lenited to /ra/. Later the stem vowel was elided and the stem was left prevoiced.
Terminative /ak/
PU had two lative suffixe /s/ and /k/. Both of them appear in Vålkakil dialects. /k/ is winning and is more frequent and appears exclusively in Standard Vålkakil.
Edit: Vålkakil uses /k/.
It is added to the vowel stem, where the vowel can be analysed as a part of the suffix.
Approximative /åk/
Edit: /ås/
West-Uralic (and maybe PU) has suffixd /ksE/, which is the translative in Finnic and Mordvian. In Vålakil /k/ was lenited and caused the vowel to lengthen and get rounded. The vowel was later shortened. Suffix /ås/ still appears in Vålkakil dialects, but /s/ is analogically replaced with /k/ which appears in the terminative.
Last edited by Omzinesý on 11 Aug 2017 20:21, edited 4 times in total.
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Re: Vålkakil

Post by Omzinesý »

Some sound changes

oj -> ɘ /_C
koj 'man'
pojka -> pɘka -> pɘ:k

uj -> ɯ /_C
*su:ɣta 'to row'
*su:ɣta -> *sujta -> *sɯt- -> sɯ:t-

After front vowels /i, y, e, ø/ and and central vowels /ä, ɶ̈/, /j/ is usually preserved. In word-final consonant cluster it has a voiceless allophone(?) [ç].

In derivations /j/ can be preserved after back vowels too. koj+ćI 'man + DIMINUTIVE' -> [koçt͡ɕɯ] 'boy'

-----
/v/ + V[+front] -> y:
*ve:ri -> *viʀ 'edge'
*viʀ -> y:ʀ
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Re: Vålkakil

Post by Omzinesý »

Participles (may be updated)

Vålkakil has 3 participles (present, past, and future). They have no orientation, i.e. they can be either "active" or "passive".

Code: Select all

tekko 'does/makes'
        
Future  tekeń 'to be done/to do'     
Present tekkoh 'doing/being done'   
Past    techt 'having done/ done'
Future participle is the same as that of Hungarian -eng. I guess there the old present marker -k somehow appears in it.
Present participle is PU /pA/ participle, which also appears as the finite present form. /t/ is PU past participle.


Past participle can be used as a static predicate. Then it needs the essive case
(1)
Koj kul-t-an.
man-NOM die/kill-PST.PTCP-ESS
The man is dead.

Without the essive case the past participle is the past form of an automative/anticausative/unaccusative verb.
(2)
Koj kul-t.
man die/kill-PAST.PTCP
The man died.

As an attribute the future participle often has agent meaning "that will kill", but as a predicate it's patient oriented "will die".
(3)
Koj kul-eń
man die/kill-FUT.PTCP
'The man will die.'

The present participle, however, appears as a predicate with an agent. It usually shortens in that funktion.
(4)
Koj kudl-o(h)
man die/kill-PRS
'The man kills.'

The bare verb stem is used with agentless automative/anticausative/unaccusative verbs.
(5)
Koj kul.
man die/kill
'The man dies.'


With verbs that only have one conjugation and don't cause automative/anticausative/unaccusative the present forms can vary quite freely.
(6)
Koj men ~ medn-o
man go ~ go-PRS
'The man goes/walks.'
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Re: Vålkakil

Post by Omzinesý »

singular - plural


Nominative koht - kohtåt
Accusative kohtå - kohtåt
Genitive-Dative kohta -kohtat
Comitative-Instrumental kohtakkeg

One form with /t/-suffix is used in PU for both plural subjects and objects (i.e. nominative and accusative). In Vålkakil, the form analogically is based on Singular Accusative. Genitive-Dative also has /t/-suffix in Vålkakil. Comitative-Instrumental is a new case that has grammaticalized from a postposition. Its plural /ak/ is Genitive-Dative plural assimilated with the new case ending.

Partitive kohtta
Essive kohtan
The same forms are used in Partitive and Essive in both singular and plural.


Abessive kohtaft - kohtacht
Adnominal locative kohdsi - kohdaśi
Locative kohdsa - kohdaśa
Ablative kohd.ra - kohdja
Approximative kohtås - kohdåś
Terminative kohtak - kohdać

The rest of the cases derive their plural with suffix /j/ which is usually assimilated with the case ending and made it palatal.
Abessive /ft/ -> /çt/ is based of the alternation between /fC/ and /çC/ that both derive from /kC/. Though analogical, the change is very sporadic.
Adnominal-Locative, Locative, and Approximative have /s/ -> /ɕ/.
Ablative that has /r/ -> /j/ ([r] was earlier pronounced [ð])
Terminative has /k/ -> /t͡ɕ/
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Re: Vålkakil

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Vålkakil (This is translated from Finnish Bible)

[ɘmplä ly:b:tä mo:rru polʃɯk t͡ʃot ɘmpt͡sä øv:tti pɘ:kɶ̈nʃ es:øŋ pä:nnø:ʃ ä: läŋ:ɾäŋ høllek hä: ɘmptɘŋ ä:nni je:l:u]
Ëmpla mohrru lühbta polšik, čot ëmp-ca övtti pëhkånš, essonq pahnnöhš öft ah lanqraš Höllek, hah ëmptenq ahni jehllu.
Ëmpla mohrru lühb-ta polši-k, čot ëmp-ca övtti pëhk-å-n-š, essonq pahnn-öh-t-š ah lanqra-nq Hölle-k, hah ëmpt-enq ahnni jehllu
God earth.ACC love-SG3.DEFOBJ much-SUP, CPL give-PST.SG3.DEFOBJ only.ACC son-ACC-Ø-SG3POSS, for believe-PTCP.PRS-PL-POSS.SG3 NEG fall-FUT.CONNEG Hell-TERM, but get.FUT eternal.ACC life.ACC
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Re: Vålkakil

Post by Nachtuil »

Omzinesý wrote:Adjectives:
Nachtuil in http://cbbforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=6220 wrote: equative with allative: less x than y
equative with ablative: more x than y
I feel so influential :p I am now reading how you've dealt with it for ideas for myself.
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Re: Vålkakil

Post by Omzinesý »

Nachtuil wrote:
Omzinesý wrote:Adjectives:
Nachtuil in http://cbbforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=6220 wrote: equative with allative: less x than y
equative with ablative: more x than y
I feel so influential :p I am now reading how you've dealt with it for ideas for myself.
Your ideas are more unique.
Vålkakil comparatives and superlatives are normal SAE morphological comparatives and superlatives. They just diachronically derive from directional case suffixes. They part of the case paradigm so much that no other case marker can appear beside them.
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Re: Vålkakil

Post by Omzinesý »

Something primary about negation

Like most Uralic languages Vålkakil has negative verbs. Thare are two of them: one for basic subject conjunction and the one with definite object (object definiteness is marked on the main verb) and one for automative conjugation. They have person and tense inflection.

Basic present:
jeke 'I don't'
jeket 'you don't'
jek 'doesn't'
jepme 'we don't'
jetre 'you don't'
jecht 'don't'

e - PU negation verb root
j - sporadically e -> je due to Slavonic influence
k - PU present marker

Basic past:
ješe 'I didn't'
ješet 'you didn't'
ješ 'didn't'
ječme 'we didn't'
ječte 'you didn't'
ješt 'didn't'

FUTURE TO COME
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Re: Vålkakil

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Negative verb of automative verbs. It also works as a negative copula.

ëhvne 'I am not'
ëhvnet 'you aren't'
ëhvno 'isn't'
ëhvma 'we aren't'
ëhvra 'you aren't'
ëhvno 'aren't'
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Re: Vålkakil

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Uses of Partitive

1. Object of two verbs when they are atelic.
semohk 'to drink' and ńilohk 'to eat'
2. Correspondens to 'any' in question or negation clauses.
3. Expresses duration
Kaftta tunteta '(for) two hours'
4. Expresses what something is compared to. (The only use for which Partitive has a plural form, which is identical to that of Ablative.)
5. Adjectives used as adverbs.
šöhnta 'beautifully'
6. Used with quantifiers
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Re: Vålkakil

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Idea for renewing the verb

Verbs are either Perfective or Imperfective. Perfective verbs have three tense/mood forms: Past, Future, and Optative.

Code: Select all

mennohk 'to go' våhllohk 'to say'

Past 
SG1  men-e         våhl-e
SG2  men-e-t       våhl-e-t
SG3  men           våhl
PL1  men-ma        våhl-ma
PL2  men-ra        våhl-ra
PL3  men-at        våhl-a-t

Future
SG1  men-ka        våhl-ka
SG2  men-ka-t      våhl-ka-t
SG3  men-ka-h      våhl-ka-h
PL1  men-ka-ma     våhl-ka-ma
PL2  men-ka-ra     våhl-ka-ra
PL3  men-ka-ht     våhl-ka-ht

Imperative (short optative)
SG2 men-k          våhl-k

Optative
SG1  men-ko        våhl-ko
SG2  men-ko-t      våhl-ko-t
SG3  men-ko-h      våhl-ko-h
PL1  men-ko-ma     våhl-ko-ma
PL2  men-ko-ra     våhl-ko-ra
PL3  men-ko-ht     våhl-ko-ht
Våhllohk can be a transitive verb and it can have Definite conjugation.

Code: Select all

våhllohš 'to say it'

     Past          Future         Optative
SG1  våhl-en       våhl-k-ka      våhl-k-ko
SG2  våhl-t-ta     våhl-k-ka-t    våhl-k-ko-t
SG3  våhl-ta       våhl-k-ka-h    våhl-k-ko-h
PL1  våhl-ab-me    våhl-ta-b-me   våhl-ta-b-me
PL2  våhl-ad-ne    våhl-ta-d-re   våhl-ta-d-re
PL3  våhl-ta-t     våhl-k-ka-ht   våhl-k-ko-ht

Imperative (short optative)
SG2  våhl-ta-k
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Re: Vålkakil

Post by Omzinesý »

Question words

Vålkakil has two question wood roots ku- and mi-. Ko- is used for real questions while mi- is used for rhetoric and indirect questions.

Bare stems are used for polar questions ku 'do/does' mi 'if'.
(1a) Ku våne šöhnan. 'Am I beautiful.'
(1b) Ehje tontek mi våne šöhnan. 'I don't know if I am beautiful.'

In Nominative, Accusative, Genitive-Dative and, Comitative-instrumental, the roots have an augmented -k.

Code: Select all

NOM kuk  mik 'who/(what)'
ACC kukå mikå 'whom'
GEN-DAT kuka mika 'whose/to whom'
PART kutta mitta 'anything/anyone?'
ESS kukan mikan 'be who/be what'

LOC kusa misa 'where'
ANLOC kusi misi 'which X'
ABL kura mira 'from where'
APPR kuhs mihs 'towards where'
TERM kuk mik 'as far as where' 

COM-INSTR kugkeg migkeg 'whith what/whom'
ABESS kuft mift 'without what/whom' 
Both of them can be plural in Nominative and Accusative, but I'm not sure how the plural is formed.
NOM/ACC kuht, müht
GEN-DAT kiht, miht
maybe

There is also an inanimate/abstract pronoun kuh, mih, which have nominative or accusative readings 'what'. The border between kuh/mih and kuk(å)/mik(å) is a bit fluid.
(2) Kuh tekeet? 'What are you doing?'
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Re: Vålkakil

Post by Omzinesý »

Automative perfective verbs

The past form is based on -t/-ut/-üt suffix.

men doesn't have an automative form.
våhlut means 'be clear/confirmed'. The verb is not very idiomatic with 1st and 2nd persons though.

PAST
våhlun
våhltut
våhl(u)t
våhluma
våhlura
våhltat

FUTURE
våhlukke
våhlukket
våhlukkoh
våhlugme
våhlugre
våhlukkoht

OPTATIVE
våhlukka
våhlukkat
våhlukkah
våhlugma
våhlugra
våhlukkaht

IMPERATIVE
SG2 våhluk
PL2 våhluht
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Re: Vålkakil

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Reflexives

Sometimes automatives can be used as reflexives.
There are no grammaticalized reflexive pronouns but accusative of the corresponding personal pronouns are used.

(Men) menå lühpe. 'I love myself.'
(Cen) cenå lühpet. 'You love yourself.'
(Tan) tanå lühp. '(S)he loves her/himself.'
(Möht) möht lühhbme. 'We love ourselves.'
(Cöht) cöht hühbre. 'You love yourselves.'
(Nåht) nåht lühpot. 'They love themselves.'

Basic conjugation is used with reflexives, while Definite conjugation is used with third person definite object pronouns.
(Tan) (tanå) lühbta. '(S)he loves him/her.'
(Nåht) (Nåht) lühbtat. 'They love them.'
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Omzinesý
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Re: Vålkakil

Post by Omzinesý »

Vålakil, Uralic conlang.

Kuhn våhlkkat Vålkakilak.
[ku:n vœ̈.l:k.kät vœ̈lkakilik]
kuhn våhl-k-ka-t Vålkakil-ak
how say-DEF.OBJ-FUT-SG2 V-TERM
'How do you say it in Vålkakil.'

-n is an old Genitive-Instrumental suffix. Kuhn is grammaticalized as 'how'.
'In a language' takes the terminative is Vålkakil.
I've to think about which TAM is used in such a generic meaning. Future is maybe not the choise.
LP3 might also be used if that's an impersonal clause.
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Omzinesý
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Re: Vålkakil

Post by Omzinesý »

I think there should be an iterative-habitual TAM. It's important for Perfective verbs, which don't have a present.
With it you can say things like "I go to school (every day)".

It's formed with the essive form of ih-participle. /i:/ derives from Uralic -jA.

The copula is used in first and second persons and in third person plural when it has an impersonal meaning.

Våne mennihn 'I usually go'
Vånet mennihn 'You usually go'
mennihn '(S)he usually goes'
Våmme mennihn 'We usuaaly go.'
Våndre mennihn 'You usually go.'
mennihn 'They usually go'
Vånt mennihn 'They (impersonal) usully go.'
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