Yiqa' Yiywos - a language with triliteral roots

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k1234567890y
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Yiqa' Yiywos - a language with triliteral roots

Post by k1234567890y »

Phonology

Consonants:

Nasal: /m n/<m n>
Plosives: /b t tʼ d k kʼ g q qʼ ʔ/<b t t' d k k' g q q' '>
Affricates: /t͡s t͡sʼ/<ts ts'>
fricatives: /f (v) s z x ʕ/<f s z h ʁ>
Sonorants: /w r l j/<w r l y>

notes:
- /n t tʼ d t͡s t͡sʼ s z l/ might be palatalized to [ɲ c cʼ ɟ t͡ɕ t͡ɕʼ ɕ ʑ ʎ] respectively before /i/ and /j/
- /ij/ and /uw/ are realized as [ i ] and [ u ] respectively
- /d/ is realized as [ɾ] when not followed by a vowel
- when two obstruents(plosives, affricates, fricatives) adjacent to each other, the first consonant is devoiced(with /b/ devoiced to [f]) if the second one is voiceless, and the first consonant is voiced(with /t͡s/ becoming /z/) if the second one is voiced.
- /mn/ is realized as [vn], and /nm/ is realized as [ɾm].
- /m n r l/ are syllabic when not preceded by a vowel and not followed by a vowel, the epenthetic vowel [ɨ] might be used before syllabic consonants.
- consonants are lengthened when preceded by a glottal stop
- when two ejectives appearing in the same root, the second ejective becomes a plain stop, and may become a long consonant, with the following changes:
-- t'>t/t:
-- ts'>ts/tts
-- k'>k/k:
-- q'>q/q:

Vowels: /ɑ æ~ɛ e i o u (ɨ)/<a æ e i o u>

Word Order
- Basic Word Order: Verb-Subject-Object(VSO)
- Adpositions are prepositions
- Adjectives, demonstratives, numerals precede the noun they modify; relative clauses follow the noun they modify; possessors may precede or follow the noun they modify
- Aux verbs precede the main verb
- When there is an aux verb, the subject follows the aux verb but precedes the main verb
- Wh-moving: In questions, Interrogative words move to the initial position before the verb.

Typology
- Alignment: Nominative-Accusative, with nominative being unmarked
- Noun numbers: singular-dual-plural
- Cases: nominative, Genitive, Accusative
- Gender distinction: none
- Negations are marked with an aux verb
- Verbs are conjugated according to aspect and person, and verbs have an infinitive form.

Some Morphological Examples

y-m-g "see":

- infinitive: yamag "to see"
- nominal: yamg "pattern, form, shape"
- verbal noun: yamga "seeing(gerund of "to see")
- m-form nominal(agenti/instrumental): muymig "one who sees, seer"
- h-form nominal(benefactive): huymag "one who is benefited from seeing"
- y-form nominal(instrumental): yaymag "tool used for seeing something"
- d-form nominal(locative): diymag "place where someone sees something"

Imperfective:
- gaymig - I see
- ganyemig - we two see(exclusive)
- renyemig - we two see(inclusive)
- gamyemig - we see(exclusive)
- remyemig - we see(inclusive)
- leymig - you(sg.) see
- lenyemig - you two see
- lemyemig - you(pl.) see
- 'eymig - he/she/it sees(used when the subject is a pronoun)
- 'enyemig - they two see(used when the subject is a pronoun)
- 'emyemig - they see(used when the subject is a pronoun)
- yemig - someone sees(used when the subject is not a pronoun)
- 'ayymig - see!(imperative)
- mayymig - don't see!(prohibitive)

Perfective:
- gaymag - I saw
- ganyamag - we two saw(exclusive)
- renyamag - we two saw(inclusive)
- gamyamag - we saw(exclusive)
- remyamag - we saw(inclusive)
- leymag - you(sg.) saw
- lenyamag - you two saw
- lemyamag - you(pl.) saw
- 'eymag - he/she/it saw(used when the subject is a pronoun)
- 'enyamag - they two saw(used when the subject is a pronoun)
- 'emyamag - they saw(used when the subject is a pronoun)
- yamag - someone saw(used when the subject is not a pronoun)
I prefer to not be referred to with masculine pronouns and nouns such as “he/him/his”.
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k1234567890y
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Re: Yiqa' Yiywos - a language with triliteral roots

Post by k1234567890y »

Nouns

This section will focus on the inflectional morphology of nouns, derivations won't be involved.

Nouns have two categories: "sound nouns" and "broken nouns". "sound nouns".

Below are the suffixes for cases and numbers:

number:
- singular: -
- dual: -ni
- plural: -mæ

case:
- nominative: -
- genitive: -(a)r
- accusative: -(a)n

construct state: -so(singular)/-ts(non-singular)

suffix order: (stem)-number-construct state-case

While all other endings are applied to "sound nouns", the plural ending is not used for "broken nouns"; besides some nouns belonging to the "broken nouns" have specific forms for the construct state.

Below are the patterns of "broken nouns":

pattern C1aC2C3:
- singular and dual: C1aC2C3
- plural: C1uC2aC3
- construct state(all numbers): C1iC2(a)C3

pattern C1æC2C3o
- singular and dual: C1æC2C3o or C1æC2C3ot
- plural: C1uC2oC3o or C1uC2oC3ot

pattern yaC1C2aC3(y-form nominal):
- singular and dual: yaC1C2aC3
- plural: yuC1C2aC3

While the "sound nouns" are more regular, many of the commonly-used nouns are "broken nouns" belonging to the pattern C1aC2C3.
I prefer to not be referred to with masculine pronouns and nouns such as “he/him/his”.
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