Reflexives

[Sangfroidish]

Vorynthel has a reflexive pronoun, the, that covers all permutations of ___self.

Thined myn. The thined myn.
[ˈθɪneð min | θe ˈθɪneð min]
thine-d myn. the thine-d myn.
wash-1sg 1sg.NOM | REFL.ACC wash-1sg 1sg.NOM
"I wash. I wash myself."

Thinen eg. The thinen eg.
[ˈθɪnen eɣ | θe ˈθɪnen eɣ]
thine-n eg. the thine-n eg.
wash-3sg. 3sg.MASC.NOM | REFL.ACC wash-3sg 3sg.MASC.NOM
"He washes. He washes himself."

[k1234567890y]

Lonmai Luna/Liunan:

se sep de. se sep dak. dala sep de. dala sep dak.
1.SG wash something. 1.SG wash self. 3.SG wash something. 3.SG wash self.
I wash. I wash myself. He washes. He washes himself.

[Sḿtuval]

Vasoser tje gjomas. Vasos tje gjomas jueljaost. Vasos tje gjomas bjet.
[va.so.ˈseɹ tʃe ʝo.ˈmas | va.ˈsos tʃe ʝo.ˈma ʃy.ˈʎa.ot | va.ˈsos tʃe ʝo.ˈmas bʲet]
make-HAB 1SG clean-ACC | make 1SG clean-ACC something-DAT | make 1SG clean-ACC REFL.DAT
I make clean (habitually). I make (something) clean. I make myself clean.

Vasoser yte gjomas. Vasos yte gjomas jueljaost. Vasos yte gjomas bjet.
[va.so.ˈse ˈɹɨ.te ʝo.ˈmas | va.ˈso ˈsɨ.te ʝo.ˈma ʃy.ˈʎa.ot | va.ˈso ˈsɨ.te ʝo.ˈmas bʲet]
make-HAB 3SG clean-ACC | make 3SG clean-ACC something-DAT| make 3SG clean-ACC REFL.DAT
It makes clean (habitually). It makes (something) clean. It makes itself clean.

[Plague]

Gothic

(Ik) Þwaha.
[ik ˈθwɑhɑ]
(1SG) wash.1SG-PRS
I wash.

Ik þwaha silban.
[ik ˈθwɑhɑ ˈsilbɑn]
(1SG) wash.1ST-PRS self.ACC-MASC
I wash myself.

Is þwahand.
[is ˈθwɑhɑnd]
3SG wash.3SG-PRS
He washes.

Is þwahand silban.
[is ˈθwɑhɑnd ˈsilbɑn]
3SG wash.3SG-PRS self.ACC-MASC
He washes himself.

[Click]

Ardelian

Ardelian has a dedicated reflexive suffix ·əs in the object slot which covers all variants of English Xself.

• Mosı.
  mosə̆·Ø·Ø·ı
  wash·AGT·PRS·1SG
  I wash.

• Mosəsı.
  mosə̆·Ø·Ø·əs‹ı
  wash·AGT·PRS·REFL‹1SG
  I wash myself.

• Mos.
  mosə̆·Ø·Ø·Ø
  wash·AGT·PRS·3SG
  He washes.

• Mosəs.
  mosə̆·Ø·Ø·əs‹Ø
  wash·AGT·PRS·REFL‹3SG
  He washes himself.

[All4Ɇn]

Eu lab. Eu me lab. Il labi. Il se labi

[Znex]

Attic Greek

Hooray for middle voice!

λούω τι.
I wash (something).

λούομαι.
I wash myself.

λούει τι.
He washes (something).

λούεται.
He washes himself.

[prettydragoon]

Rireinutire has a reflexiviser derivative suffix -tu which is used to derive verbs of the form 'to X oneself' from verbs meaning 'to X'.

ma irekava:
ma ire-ka-va
1S.NOM wash-PRS-SENS
I wash.

ma iretukava:
ma iretu-ka-va
1S.NOM wash.oneself-PRS-SENS
I wash myself.

ha irekave:
ha ire-ka-ve
3RS.NOM wash-PRS-HSY
She washes.

ha iretukave:
ha iretu-ka-ve
3RS.NOM wash.oneself-PRS-HSY
She washes herself.

[k1234567890y]

Nevotak:
ur ruz. ur ruz ur to. res ruz. res ruz res to.
1.PRON wash. 1.PRON wash 1.PRON body. 3.PRON wash. 3.PRON wash 3.PRON body.
I wash. I wash myself. He washes. He washes himself.

Sakawi:
glugotominaki
glug-ot-om-in-ak-i
drown-CAUS-3.SG.P-1.SG.A-IND-PRES
I wash

glugotonimaki
glug-ot-on-im-ak-i
drown-CAUS-1.SG.P-REFL-IND-PRES
I wash myself

glugotomistaki
glug-ot-om-ist-ak-i
drown-CAUS-3.SG.P-3.SG.A-IND-PRES
He washes

glugotomimaki
glug-ot-om-im-ak-i
drown-CAUS-3.SG.P-REFL-IND-PRES
He washes himself

[Creyeditor]

Indonesian
Saya men-cuci.
1SG TRANS-wash
I wash.

Saya mandi.
1SG wash_oneself
I wash myself. (I clean my body)

Saya men-cuci sen-diri.
1SG TRANS-wash one-self
I wash myself. (I can do it without help)

Dia men-cuci.
3SG TRANS-wash
He washes.

Dia mandi.
3SG wash_oneself
He washes himself. (He cleans his body)

Dia men-cuci sen-diri.
3SG TRANS-wash one-self
He washes himself. (He can do it without help)

Saya mem-buat se-buah kue lezat buat saya sen-diri.
1SG TRANS-make one-CLF cake delicious for 1SG one-self
I made a delicious chocolate cake for myself.

[All4Ɇn]

I wash.
Eu lab.

I wash myself
Eu çe lab.

I wash myself (Puts stress that both the subject and object are the same person like the reflexives sometimes do in English)
Eu lab ioego.



He washes.
Ìl labi.

He washes himself
Ìl se labi.

He washes himself (Puts stress that both the subject and object are the same person like the reflexives sometimes do in English)
Ìl labi xego.

[kiwikami]

Kari

Otocikea.
otoci-ke-e
cleanliness-CAUS-TOP.TRANS
It washes something.
("It" being whatever we're talking about at the moment)

Otocikeani.
otoci-ke-a-ni
cleanliness-CAUS-TOP.TRANS-REFL
It washes itself.
(The reflexive suffix is n, ni, ba, or s, depending on which marker the topic uses - for an implied topic, ni or s is the most logical.)

Kiba otocikeaba.
ki-ba otoci-ke-a-ni
1SG-TOP cleanliness-CAUS-TOP.TRANS-REFL
I wash myself.

Kari can use a form of the complementizers that normally indicate the topic of a dependent clause as, essentially, reflexive pronouns when the arguments are oblique and involve C-command (though as those complementizers are phonologically identical to one set of suffixes for the nouns they refer to, there's probably something else going on here, some shared etymology or the like. I don't know. I just created the dang thing. It does what it wants most of the time.):

Deba iymma ni mo.
de-ba iym-a ni mo
3SG-TOP give-TOP.TRANS COMP(TOP) ALL
He/she gives something to himself/herself.

Deda iymdo ma mo.
de-da iym-do ma mo
3SG-CMNT give-CMNT.TRANS COMP(CMNT) ALL
Something is given, by him, to himself.
(Not actually a passive at all, but it translates best into English with this meaning.
CMNT refers to a noun with some relation to the topic, depending on context and the verb's transitivity)

Kiba deda iymma ma mo.
ki-ba de-da iym-a ma mo
1SG-TOP 3SG-CMNT give-TOP.TRANS COMP(CMNT) ALL
I give him to himself.

And so on and so forth...

[taylorS]

Northern American

Northern American uses a reflexive suffix derived from the modern English reflexive pronouns

Mávoš
/ˈmævɔʃ/
1SG-wash

Mávošsúh
/mæˈvɔʃsɯh/
1SG-wash-REFL

Šivoš
/ˈʃivɔʃ/
3SG.AN-wash

Šivošsúh
/ʃiˈvɔʃsɯh/
3SG.AN-wash-REFL


-------
AN = "Animate"
REFL = "Reflexive"

[Thakowsaizmu]

English
I wash. I wash myself. He washes. He washes himself.

Kiswahili
Ninaosha kitu. Ninajinawa. Anaosha kitu. Anajinawa.
/ni.nɑ.'ɔ.ʃɑ 'ki.tu/ /ni.nɑ.ʄi.'nɑ.wɑ/ /ɑ.nɑ.'ɔ.ʃɑ ki.tu/ /ɑ.nɑ.ʄi.'nɑ.wɑ/

ni-na-osha kitu. ni-na-ji-nawa. a-na-osha kitu. a-na-ji-nawa.
1ps-PRES-wash something. 1ps-PRES-REFL-wash_body. 3ps-PRES-wash something. 3ps-PRES-REFL-wash_body

[Mardigny]

Missa

(De) śejé.
3SG wash-1SG
I wash (it).

Śejlijé.
wash-MID-1SG
I wash myself.

(De) śejak.
3SG wash-3SG.M
He washes (it).

Śejlijak.
wash-MID-3SG.M
He washes himself.

The suffix -li is an affix which decreases the valency of a verb by one argument, marked here in Leipzig glossing with 'middle voice'. In the case of a monotransitive verb such as 'wash', the resulting argument of the object (not marked on the verb) results in a verb with only a subject (marked on the verb), which is interpreted as a reflexive. Compare:

Śejlijak.
wash-MID-3SG.M
He washes himself.

Ak (kentú) śejli.
3sg.M dog-ABL wash-MID
He is washed.

Whether the pronoun appears independent of the verb (as an object) or as a verbal suffix (subject) lexically determines whether the statement is a reflexive or a 'passive'.

[Click]

Azatri

Azatri has dedicated reflexive suffixes for every subject person.

• Lınàrı.
  lınàr·ı
  wash·1SG
  I wash.

• Lınàraı.
  lınàr·aı
  wash·REFL‹1SG
  I wash myself.

• Lınàr.
  lınàr·Ø
  wash·3SG
  He washes.

• Lınàras.
  lınàr·as
  wash·REFL‹3SG
  He washes himself.

These would be lìnareı, lìnaresı, lındré and lındré again in the irrealis mood.

[Dormouse559]

Kiswahili
Ninaosha kitu. Ninajinawa. Anaosha kitu. Anajinawa.
/ni.nɑ.'ɔ.ʃɑ 'ki.tu/ /ni.nɑ.ʄi.'nɑ.wɑ/ /ɑ.nɑ.'ɔ.ʃɑ ki.tu/ /ɑ.nɑ.ʄi.'nɑ.wɑ/

ni-na-osha kitu. ni-na-ji-nawa. a-na-osha kitu. a-na-ji-nawa.
1ps-PRES-wash something. 1ps-PRES-REFL-wash_body. 3ps-PRES-wash something. 3ps-PRES-REFL-wash_body

Could you explain more about the different verbs here? Is nawa used for washing any body, or is it purely reflexive? Could osha ever be reflexive?

[Thakowsaizmu]

Kiswahili
Ninaosha kitu. Ninajinawa. Anaosha kitu. Anajinawa.
/ni.nɑ.'ɔ.ʃɑ 'ki.tu/ /ni.nɑ.ʄi.'nɑ.wɑ/ /ɑ.nɑ.'ɔ.ʃɑ ki.tu/ /ɑ.nɑ.ʄi.'nɑ.wɑ/

ni-na-osha kitu. ni-na-ji-nawa. a-na-osha kitu. a-na-ji-nawa.
1ps-PRES-wash something. 1ps-PRES-REFL-wash_body. 3ps-PRES-wash something. 3ps-PRES-REFL-wash_body

Could you explain more about the different verbs here? Is nawa used for washing any body, or is it purely reflexive? Could osha ever be reflexive?

Kunawa means "to wash" as in a body part, person or self. So ananawa mikono "She is washing her hands" (a-na-nawa mi-kono 3ps-PRES-wash CL4-hand). Kuosha means "to wash something / an object". So I guess you could say something like vitabu vinajiosha "the books are washing themselves" (vi-tabu vi-na-ji-osha CL8-book CL8-PRES-REFL-wash), but I think those would have to be impressive or magical books

[Dormouse559]

Oh, okay, that's cool. I never imagined using more than one verb, but it seems quite intuitive when you think about it. You might be seeing that split in a conlang of mine soon.

[Dormouse559]

To detransitivize a verb, this conlang puts it in the antipassive voice. For reflexives, it uses a combination of the normal pronoun clitic followed by -qu, which walks the line between a clitic and a suffix.

I wash. I wash myself. He washes. He washes himself.

Huttâli haw. Şîmamuqu haw. Huttâli duwa. Şîmalaqu duwa.
[ˈhotːɑ̃ːli ˈhɑu̯] [ˈʃĩːmæ̃moqu ˈhɑu̯] [ˈhotːɑ̃ːli ˈdowɑ] [ˈʃĩːmæ̃læqu ˈdowɑ]

hutta-ali haw. şîma=mu=qu haw. hutta-ali duwa. şima=la=qu duwa.
wash-ANTIP 1SG.NOM. wash_body=1SG.ACC=REFL 1SG.NOM. wash-ANTIP 3SG.NOM. wash_body=3SG.ACC=REFL 3SG.NOM.