Re: The door opened, the door was opened... (voice)
Posted: 30 Dec 2017 10:30
This is a perfect exercise for Htoleiþe.
Htoleiþe
1) Peter opened the door.
Piter taihkuçne husikeir.
/ˈpiteɹ tɑɪ̯ˈˀkuçne ˈʔuʃikeɪ̯ɹ/
Piter t<ai>hk-uç-ne hus-ik-eir
Peter be.open<PST>-3SG.AN2-CAUS gate-DIM-DEF.ACC
Peter made-open the-door.
2) The door opened.
Husike taihkoçxa.
/ˈʔuʃike tɑɪ̯ˈˀkoçxɑ/
hus-ik-e t<ai>hk-oç-xa
gate-DIM-DEF.NOM be.open<PST>-3SG.INAN-INCH
The-door became-open.
3) The door was opened.
Husike tohklaiçne.
/ˈʔuʃike toˈˀklɑɪ̯çne/
hus-ik-e t<o>hk<laiç>-ne
gate-DIM-DEF.NOM be.open<PST.PAS.3SG.INAN>-CAUS
The-door was-made-open.
4) The door was opened by Peter.
For most purposes, a rearranged version of 1) suffices here:
Husikeir taihkuçne Piter.
/ˈʔuʃikeɪ̯ɹ tɑɪ̯ˈˀkuçne ˈpiteɹ/
hus-ik-eir t<ai>hk-uç-ne Piter
gate-DIM-DEF.ACC be.open<PST>-3SG.AN2-CAUS Peter
The-door(OBJ) made-open Peter(SBJ).
The passive from 3) is usually used without an agent, but an agent can be specified with the preposition ra + the instrumental:
Husike tohklaiçne ra Pitereið.
/ˈʔuʃike toˈˀklɑɪ̯çne ɹɑ ˈpiteɹeɪ̯ð/
hus-ik-e t<o>hk<laiç>-ne ra Piter-eið
gate-DIM-DEF.NOM be.open<PST.PAS.3SG.INAN>-CAUS PREP.ELA Peter-DEF.INS
The-door was-made-open by Peter.
Finally, it is also possible to use 2) with an agent in the bare instrumental.
Husike taihkoçxa Pitereið.
/ˈʔuʃike tɑɪ̯ˈˀkoçxɑ ˈpiteɹeɪ̯ð/
hus-ik-e t<ai>hk-oç-xa Piter-eið
gate-DIM-DEF.NOM be.open<PST>-3SG.INAN-INCH Peter-DEF.INS
The-door became-open through-Peter.
5) The door opened itself.
Husike taihkoçnelye toçeirlye.
/ˈʔuʃike tɑɪ̯ˈˀkoçneʎe ˈtoçeɪ̯ɹʎe/
hus-ik-e t<ai>hk-oç-ne-lye toç-eir-lye
gate-DIM.DEF.NOM be.open<PST>-3SG.INAN-CAUS-REFL PRO.3SG.INAN-DEF.ACC-REFL
The-door made-open itself.
6) Peter made John open the door.
Piter Soneið taihkuçne husikeir.
/ˈpiteɹ ˈʃoneɪ̯ð tɑɪ̯ˈˀkuçne ˈʔuʃikeɪ̯ɹ/
Piter Son-eið t<ai>hk-uç-ne hus-ik-eir
Peter John-DEF.INS be.open<PST>-3SG.AN2-CAUS gate-DIM-DEF.ACC
Peter through-John made-open the-door.
EDIT: 7) Peter opened.
Piter taihkuçne.
/ˈpiteɹ tɑɪ̯ˈˀkuçne/
piter t<ai>hk-uç-ne
Peter be.open<PST>-3SG.AN2-CAUS
Htoleiþe
1) Peter opened the door.
Piter taihkuçne husikeir.
/ˈpiteɹ tɑɪ̯ˈˀkuçne ˈʔuʃikeɪ̯ɹ/
Piter t<ai>hk-uç-ne hus-ik-eir
Peter be.open<PST>-3SG.AN2-CAUS gate-DIM-DEF.ACC
Peter made-open the-door.
2) The door opened.
Husike taihkoçxa.
/ˈʔuʃike tɑɪ̯ˈˀkoçxɑ/
hus-ik-e t<ai>hk-oç-xa
gate-DIM-DEF.NOM be.open<PST>-3SG.INAN-INCH
The-door became-open.
3) The door was opened.
Husike tohklaiçne.
/ˈʔuʃike toˈˀklɑɪ̯çne/
hus-ik-e t<o>hk<laiç>-ne
gate-DIM-DEF.NOM be.open<PST.PAS.3SG.INAN>-CAUS
The-door was-made-open.
4) The door was opened by Peter.
For most purposes, a rearranged version of 1) suffices here:
Husikeir taihkuçne Piter.
/ˈʔuʃikeɪ̯ɹ tɑɪ̯ˈˀkuçne ˈpiteɹ/
hus-ik-eir t<ai>hk-uç-ne Piter
gate-DIM-DEF.ACC be.open<PST>-3SG.AN2-CAUS Peter
The-door(OBJ) made-open Peter(SBJ).
The passive from 3) is usually used without an agent, but an agent can be specified with the preposition ra + the instrumental:
Husike tohklaiçne ra Pitereið.
/ˈʔuʃike toˈˀklɑɪ̯çne ɹɑ ˈpiteɹeɪ̯ð/
hus-ik-e t<o>hk<laiç>-ne ra Piter-eið
gate-DIM-DEF.NOM be.open<PST.PAS.3SG.INAN>-CAUS PREP.ELA Peter-DEF.INS
The-door was-made-open by Peter.
Finally, it is also possible to use 2) with an agent in the bare instrumental.
Husike taihkoçxa Pitereið.
/ˈʔuʃike tɑɪ̯ˈˀkoçxɑ ˈpiteɹeɪ̯ð/
hus-ik-e t<ai>hk-oç-xa Piter-eið
gate-DIM-DEF.NOM be.open<PST>-3SG.INAN-INCH Peter-DEF.INS
The-door became-open through-Peter.
5) The door opened itself.
Husike taihkoçnelye toçeirlye.
/ˈʔuʃike tɑɪ̯ˈˀkoçneʎe ˈtoçeɪ̯ɹʎe/
hus-ik-e t<ai>hk-oç-ne-lye toç-eir-lye
gate-DIM.DEF.NOM be.open<PST>-3SG.INAN-CAUS-REFL PRO.3SG.INAN-DEF.ACC-REFL
The-door made-open itself.
6) Peter made John open the door.
Piter Soneið taihkuçne husikeir.
/ˈpiteɹ ˈʃoneɪ̯ð tɑɪ̯ˈˀkuçne ˈʔuʃikeɪ̯ɹ/
Piter Son-eið t<ai>hk-uç-ne hus-ik-eir
Peter John-DEF.INS be.open<PST>-3SG.AN2-CAUS gate-DIM-DEF.ACC
Peter through-John made-open the-door.
EDIT: 7) Peter opened.
Piter taihkuçne.
/ˈpiteɹ tɑɪ̯ˈˀkuçne/
piter t<ai>hk-uç-ne
Peter be.open<PST>-3SG.AN2-CAUS