Does Kamehameha mean anything in your language?kameha
Kala Lessons
Re: Kala Lessons
Re: Kala Lessons
Lesson 4 answers:
mo kam tana ka
place 3PL fight Q
1) Where are they fighting?
ke ta ueha ka
TOP 2SG want Q
2) What do you want?
ote taku hayo ka
which brother 3SG.POSS Q
3) Which is his brother?
ama ha yala ka
time 3SG go Q
4) When is she going?
nye ta ina ka
reason 2SG eat Q
5) Why are you eating?
mo kam tana ka
place 3PL fight Q
1) Where are they fighting?
ke ta ueha ka
TOP 2SG want Q
2) What do you want?
ote taku hayo ka
which brother 3SG.POSS Q
3) Which is his brother?
ama ha yala ka
time 3SG go Q
4) When is she going?
nye ta ina ka
reason 2SG eat Q
5) Why are you eating?
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Re: Kala Lessons
Lesson 5)
Verbs
The majority of Kala verbs can also be nouns…so; they can be classified as either verbal nouns, or nominal verbs.
ina – as a verb means “to eat”, as a noun means “food, sustenance”
na ina – I am eating / I eat / I do eat (eat can be replaced by food and the interpretation be the same) Kala verbs are not marked for aspect…that is conveyed by context or other modifiers.
Tense
There are three basic tenses in Kala; past, present and future.
na ina
1SG eat
na ina-ye
1SG eat-PST
na ina-tli
1SG eat-FUT
There are a few temporal adverbials that help to specify tense…or at least add nuance. They are placed at the beginning of the verb phrase.
ayehi [ayai] – from aye “past” and –hi diminutive; this is used to mark recent happenings (just, recently)
ayeha – from aye “past” and –ha augmentative; this is used to mark remote past (a long while ago)
atlihi [atlai] – from atli “future” and –hi diminutive; this is used to mark immediate future (soon; presently)
atliha – from atli “future” and –ha augmentative; this is used to mark distant future (a long while from now)
(ayai and atlai are informal variants)
Other modifiers
-pa – potential mood (from pala – can; able)
na inapa
1SG eat-POT
I can eat / I am able to eat
-pua – finished (from opua – finish; end) this can be used for the perfective aspect but is unidiomatic
na inapua
1SG eat-finish
I am finished eating
-pya – attempt (from upya – try; attempt) this can be used for the progressive aspect but is unidiomatic
na inapya
1SG eat-try
I am trying to eat
-te – precative mood (from teya – propose; request)
inate
eat-PREC
Please eat.
-k / -nke – negative mood (-nke is used when the final syllable of a word contains /k/) this modifier is always in the ultimate position
na inak
1SG eat.NEG
I am not eating
-ko – agentive (from ko – person; who) (-tlo is used when the final syllable of a word contains /k/)
inako
eat-AG
eater
-kya – cohortative / hortative mood (from kya – imperative particle)
inakya
eat.HORT
Let’s eat
-me – to undo (from kume – undo; reverse; cancel; repeal)
na iname
1SG eat-undo
I vomit
-mu – to begin (from mula – start; begin; initiate)
na inamu
1SG eat-begin
I begin to eat / I am starting to eat
-myo – permissive mood (from myonta – permit; allow)
ena inamyo
P.1SG eat-PERM
I am allowed to eat
-ne – suggestion (from neya – should; ought to)
ta inane
2SG eat-SUG
you should eat
-nyo – tool/device for X (from mayo – tool;device)
inanyo
eat-tool
eating utensil (forks, knives, spoons)
-he – necessitive mood (from heya – need; require)
na inahe
1SG eat-NEC
I need to eat / I need food
-tse – apparent; seeming (from tse’e – appear; seem)
ha inatse
3SG eat-seem
she seems to be eating
-ue – volitive mood (from either ueha – want; desire; or ueyo – intend) the distinction between desire and intention is understood through context
na inaue
1SG eat-VOL
I want to eat / I intend to eat (this could also be “I want food”)
Exercises:
1) Why do they need to fight each other?
2) She is not able to go.
3) The dog is in the yard trying to eat.
4) Ya’ll were killers a long while ago.
5) I intend to leave a long while from now.
Verbs
The majority of Kala verbs can also be nouns…so; they can be classified as either verbal nouns, or nominal verbs.
ina – as a verb means “to eat”, as a noun means “food, sustenance”
na ina – I am eating / I eat / I do eat (eat can be replaced by food and the interpretation be the same) Kala verbs are not marked for aspect…that is conveyed by context or other modifiers.
Tense
There are three basic tenses in Kala; past, present and future.
na ina
1SG eat
na ina-ye
1SG eat-PST
na ina-tli
1SG eat-FUT
There are a few temporal adverbials that help to specify tense…or at least add nuance. They are placed at the beginning of the verb phrase.
ayehi [ayai] – from aye “past” and –hi diminutive; this is used to mark recent happenings (just, recently)
ayeha – from aye “past” and –ha augmentative; this is used to mark remote past (a long while ago)
atlihi [atlai] – from atli “future” and –hi diminutive; this is used to mark immediate future (soon; presently)
atliha – from atli “future” and –ha augmentative; this is used to mark distant future (a long while from now)
(ayai and atlai are informal variants)
Other modifiers
-pa – potential mood (from pala – can; able)
na inapa
1SG eat-POT
I can eat / I am able to eat
-pua – finished (from opua – finish; end) this can be used for the perfective aspect but is unidiomatic
na inapua
1SG eat-finish
I am finished eating
-pya – attempt (from upya – try; attempt) this can be used for the progressive aspect but is unidiomatic
na inapya
1SG eat-try
I am trying to eat
-te – precative mood (from teya – propose; request)
inate
eat-PREC
Please eat.
-k / -nke – negative mood (-nke is used when the final syllable of a word contains /k/) this modifier is always in the ultimate position
na inak
1SG eat.NEG
I am not eating
-ko – agentive (from ko – person; who) (-tlo is used when the final syllable of a word contains /k/)
inako
eat-AG
eater
-kya – cohortative / hortative mood (from kya – imperative particle)
inakya
eat.HORT
Let’s eat
-me – to undo (from kume – undo; reverse; cancel; repeal)
na iname
1SG eat-undo
I vomit
-mu – to begin (from mula – start; begin; initiate)
na inamu
1SG eat-begin
I begin to eat / I am starting to eat
-myo – permissive mood (from myonta – permit; allow)
ena inamyo
P.1SG eat-PERM
I am allowed to eat
-ne – suggestion (from neya – should; ought to)
ta inane
2SG eat-SUG
you should eat
-nyo – tool/device for X (from mayo – tool;device)
inanyo
eat-tool
eating utensil (forks, knives, spoons)
-he – necessitive mood (from heya – need; require)
na inahe
1SG eat-NEC
I need to eat / I need food
-tse – apparent; seeming (from tse’e – appear; seem)
ha inatse
3SG eat-seem
she seems to be eating
-ue – volitive mood (from either ueha – want; desire; or ueyo – intend) the distinction between desire and intention is understood through context
na inaue
1SG eat-VOL
I want to eat / I intend to eat (this could also be “I want food”)
Exercises:
1) Why do they need to fight each other?
2) She is not able to go.
3) The dog is in the yard trying to eat.
4) Ya’ll were killers a long while ago.
5) I intend to leave a long while from now.
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Re: kala lessons
I do want Kala exercises and answer sheets.threecat wrote:Umm... not to be rude, but no one's doing your exercises.
Re: Kala Lessons
Lesson 5
1)Nye kanku tanahe ka
2)Ha yalapanke
3)Mita niuahue inapya
4)Tam ayeha matako
5)Na yalaue atliha
1)Nye kanku tanahe ka
2)Ha yalapanke
3)Mita niuahue inapya
4)Tam ayeha matako
5)Na yalaue atliha
Re: Kala Lessons
Haha, brilliant.Ambrisio wrote:Does Kamehameha mean anything in your language?kameha
mostly inactive now. Login now and again
Re: Kala Lessons
Is anyone still interested in these lessons?
I could revisit teaching Kala if there is some interest.
I could revisit teaching Kala if there is some interest.
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Re: Kala Lessons
If I have time I would certainly be interested (I have barely been on here for the past month though so no promises).
Re: Kala Lessons
Seems fair, I haven't been checking in very often either.kanejam wrote:If I have time I would certainly be interested (I have barely been on here for the past month though so no promises).
Is there any specific topic you would like to cover?
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