Rireinutire
ha hamu yunakivo: (1)
/hɑ ˈhɑmu ˈjunɑkivo/
ha ha-mu yuna-ki-vo ||
3S.R.NOM 3S.R-ACC kill-PST-INFR ||
I'm sure she killed her.
ha hamu yunakiva: (2)
/hɑ ˈhɑmu ˈjunɑkivɑ/
ha ha-mu yuna-ki-va ||
3S.R.NOM 3S.R-ACC kill-PST-SENS ||
I saw her kill her.
ha hamu yunakive: (3)
/hɑ ˈhɑmu ˈjunɑkive/
ha ha-mu yuna-ki-ve ||
3S.R.NOM 3S.R-ACC kill-PST-HSY ||
I heard that she killed her.
ramiti ha hamu yunakive: (4)
/ˈɹɑmiti hɑ ˈhɑmu ˈjunɑkive/
rami-ti ha ha-mu yuna-ki-ve ||
certain-ADVZ 3S.R.NOM 3S.R-ACC kill-PST-HSY ||
She definitely killed her.
Sentences (1)-(3) can be translated in a straightforward manner with the aid of the three evidentiality suffixes of Rireinutire, viz. sensory (SENS) -va, hearsay (HSY) -ve, and inferential (INFR) -vo. These only relate to the manner the speaker has acquired her knowledge, so other considerations require the use of further vocabulary, such as the adverb in sentence (4).
In (4), the HSY suffix is used to denote that the speaker has her knowledge from an external source, eg. she read it in a newspaper.
Translation challenge 50/100
I felt that...
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Re: I felt that...
Laakitlantu
Tsaniiq’aniratlu tsa.
tsa-niiq’a-ni-ra-tlu tsa
3.AN-kill-PERF.AN-REAL-GNOM 3sg.AN
"She obviously killed her."
Tsaniiq’anira tsa.
tsa-niiq’a-ni-ra tsa
3.AN-kill-PERF.AN-REAL 3sg.AN
"I observed that she killed her."
Tsaniiq’aniraki tsa.
tsa-niiq’a-ni-ra-ki tsa
3.AN-kill-PERF.AN-REAL-HRSY 3sg.AN
"I hear she killed her."
The fourth one would probably be rendered just the same as the first one (tsaniiq’aniratlu tsa).
Laakitlantu, as it happens, also has evidentials...
Translation challenge: 15%
Tsaniiq’aniratlu tsa.
tsa-niiq’a-ni-ra-tlu tsa
3.AN-kill-PERF.AN-REAL-GNOM 3sg.AN
"She obviously killed her."
Tsaniiq’anira tsa.
tsa-niiq’a-ni-ra tsa
3.AN-kill-PERF.AN-REAL 3sg.AN
"I observed that she killed her."
Tsaniiq’aniraki tsa.
tsa-niiq’a-ni-ra-ki tsa
3.AN-kill-PERF.AN-REAL-HRSY 3sg.AN
"I hear she killed her."
The fourth one would probably be rendered just the same as the first one (tsaniiq’aniratlu tsa).
Laakitlantu, as it happens, also has evidentials...
Translation challenge: 15%
Proud member of the myopic-trans-southerner-Viossa-girl-with-two-cats-who-joined-on-September-6th-2022 gang
2c2ef0 Areyaxi family Arskiilz Kahóra Hóubenk
my garbage Ɛĭ3
she/her
2c2ef0 Areyaxi family Arskiilz Kahóra Hóubenk
my garbage Ɛĭ3
she/her
Re: I felt that...
Yorkish
Ʒ'am sicker at han drept hon. Ʒe saw hon dreppe hon. Ʒe hert at han drept hon. Han drept hon, sicker.
/jam 'sɪkər (ə) han trɛ(p)t ən | jə sɒː (ə)n trɛp ən | jə hɛrt (ə) han trɛ(p)t ən | han trɛ(p)t ən 'sɪkər/
1SG=be.PRS.1SG sure IDIR 3MSG kill-PST 3MSG.OBL | 1SG see.PST 3MSG.OBL kill 3MSG.OBL | 1SG hear-PST IDIR 3MSG kill-PST 3MSG.OBL | 3MSG kill-PST 3MSG.OBL sure.ADV
Ʒ'am sicker at han drept hon. Ʒe saw hon dreppe hon. Ʒe hert at han drept hon. Han drept hon, sicker.
/jam 'sɪkər (ə) han trɛ(p)t ən | jə sɒː (ə)n trɛp ən | jə hɛrt (ə) han trɛ(p)t ən | han trɛ(p)t ən 'sɪkər/
1SG=be.PRS.1SG sure IDIR 3MSG kill-PST 3MSG.OBL | 1SG see.PST 3MSG.OBL kill 3MSG.OBL | 1SG hear-PST IDIR 3MSG kill-PST 3MSG.OBL | 3MSG kill-PST 3MSG.OBL sure.ADV
: | : | : | :
Conlangs: Hawntow, Yorkish, misc.
she/her
Conlangs: Hawntow, Yorkish, misc.
she/her