Hândi ujara

[Plusquamperfekt]

Phonology

Consonants:

p b (pʰ) - t d (tʰ) - c ɟ (cʰ) - k g (qʰ) - (ʔ)
(ts) (dz) - (tɕ) (dʑ)
m - n - (ɲ) - (ɲ)
s z (sʰ) - sʲ zʲ - (ħ) - h
w - l r - j

Vowels

a ̤a i u - aɪ ̤aɪ uɪ

Phonotactics:

(C)V(CFIN)
CFIN: /k: [ʔ]/, /h: [ħ]; V+LOW_#, else: [h]/, /n/

Allophones:
/p t c k s h/ > [pʰ tʰ cʰ qʰ sʰ ħ]; _/ ̤a/
/n/ > [ɲ]; _/c, ɟ/
/n/ > [ɲ]; _/k, g/
/c, ɟ/ > [tɕ, dʑ]; _
/t, d/ > [ts, dz]; _
/k/ > [ʔ]; end of syllable

Stressing rules:
- all basic forms (lemmas) are stressed on the penultimate syllable
- attached affixes do not change the position of the stress

Foreign phonemes (in loanwords):
/ɛ, o, f, ʃ~ɕ/

[Plusquamperfekt]

Orthography

Consonants:

p b (p) - t d (t) - c j (c) - k g (k) - (k)
m - n - (n) - (n)
s z (s) - si zi - (h) - h
w - l r - y

Vowels:

a â i u - ai âi ui

Combinations:

[tɕi, dʑi]: <ti, di>
[tsu, dzu]: <tu, du>

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First words

târai - man ['tʰa̤raɪ]
kâija - woman ['qʰa̤ɪɟa]
kaiku - family ['kaiku]
maja - mother [maɟa]
paja - father [paɟa]
jabui - son ['ɟabuɪ]
sudi - daughter ['sudʑi]
murui - brother ['muruɪ]
baidi - sister ['baɪdʑi]
hâkni - house ['ħa̤ʔni]
hândi - language ['ħa̤ndʑi]
waknu - book ['waʔnu]
mahni - table ['maħni]

sâbidain - speak
hâradain - see
yúrudain - go
míhnidain - eat
sângidain - know

uru - I
iri - you (sg.)
ui - he/she
sâ - this

kâri - red
suli - blue
yandi - green
tuiga - yellow

hâda - what
hâdi - who
kâju - where

nara - one
hâri - two
tâiru - three
anra - four
wahni - five
pugi - six
laju - seven
sâru - eight
daiwa - nine

nárakta - ten ['naraʔta]
hârikta - twenty
tâirukta - thirty
ánrakta - forty
wáhnikta - fifty
púgikta - sixty
lájukta - seventy
sârukta - eighty
daiwakta - ninety
yaknu - hundred

[zyma]

I really like the phonology, especially the allophony. I have a few questions, though.

a ̤ - aɪ ̤

Those are breathy voiced, right?

Your IPA diacritic (the below-diaeresis for breathy voice) seems a bit off in positioning, at least on my computer. Is this correct? /a̤ a̤ɪ/ <â âi>

m - n - (ɲ) - (ɲ)
…
/n/ > [ɲ]; _/c, ɟ/
/n/ > [ɲ]; _/k, g/

I think you mean [ŋ] instead of [ɲ] in the second of both of those pairs.

/t, d/ > [ts, dz]; _

How come [ts dz] aren't included in the phonology at the top of the first post? They're the only allophones that aren't.

Foreign phonemes (in loanwords):
/ɛ, o, f, ʃ~ɕ/

What language(s) are the loanwords in which these phonemes are found from? Also, how do you romanize these?

jabui - son ['jabuɪ]

A mistake/inconsistency jumped out at me for some reason while I was quickly scanning your lexicon. I can't guarantee it's the only one, so I'd recommend going back over your wordlist. Unless, of course, I'm wrong, which I could be.

According to your earlier posts, /j/ <y> and /ɟ/ <j>.

Therefore, I think the word could either be [ˈjabuɪ] <yabui> or [ˈɟabuɪ] <jabui>, not [ˈjabuɪ] <jabui>. Although, like I said, I could be wrong.

[Plusquamperfekt]

Those are breathy voiced, right?

Your IPA diacritic (the below-diaeresis for breathy voice) seems a bit off in positioning, at least on my computer. Is this correct? /a̤ a̤ɪ/ <â âi>

Yes, those sounds are breathy voiced, but I had a few difficulties to type them ;)

I think you mean [ŋ] instead of [ɲ] in the second of both of those pairs.

Correct, a tiny typo ;)

How come [ts dz] aren't included in the phonology at the top of the first post? They're the only allophones that aren't.

No reason, I just forgot to include them.

What language(s) are the loanwords in which these phonemes are found from? Also, how do you romanize these?

Natlangs... I'd type them <e>, <o>, <f> and <x>

A mistake/inconsistency jumped out at me for some reason while I was quickly scanning your lexicon. I can't guarantee it's the only one, so I'd recommend going back over your wordlist. Unless, of course, I'm wrong, which I could be.

Another typo, the correct pronunciation is [ɟabuɪ]

[Plusquamperfekt]

Standard word order

The standard word order is:

[topic] + [verb] + [rest]

Core cases

Code: Select all

              TOP-SG  TOP-PL  NTOP-SG   NTOP-PL

Absolutive:   -       ga      rai       garai
Ergative:     -       si      rui       sirui
Secundive:    ya      yu      ya        yu 

When to use which case:

Code: Select all

Intransitive:   ABS
Transitive:     ERG(agent) ABS(patient)
Ditransitive:   ERG(agent) ABS(recipient) SEC(theme)

Verb endings (present tense)

Code: Select all

Intransitive

Active:           -n
Antipassive:      -sin

Transitive

if ABS=topic:     -san
if ERG=topic      -n

[Plusquamperfekt]

Code: Select all

Vocabulary:

târai     -  man
kâija     -  woman
hâradain  -  see
máridain  -  sleep
waknu     -  book
hânidain  -  give

Examples:

Transitive (ERG=TOP)

1a. Târai hâran kâijarai. - The manERG=TOP sees the womanABS.
1b. Kâija hâran târairai. - The womanERG=TOP sees the manABS.

Transitive (ABS=TOP)

2a. Kâija hârasan târairui. - It's the womanABS=TOP whom the manERG sees.
2b. Târai hârasan kâijarui. - It's the manABS=TOP whom the womanERG seesABS=TOP.

Antipassive:

3a. Kâija hârasin. - The woman seesANTI-PASSIVE (something).

Ditransitive:
4a. Kâija hânin târairai wáknuya. - The womanERG=TOP gives the bookSEC to the manABS.
4b. Târai hânisan kâijarui wáknuya. - The womanERG gives the bookSEC to the manABS=TOP.
4c. Wáknuya hânin kâijarui târairai. - The womanERG gives the bookSEC=TOP to the manABS.