Foxcatdog's Scratchpad

[thethief3]

*m
*ph *p *b *th *t *d *ch *c *h
*xh *x
*s *z *sy *zr
*l *j *w
*r

Notes on Orthography
*r is a tap
Approximates are slightly fricated
*xh and *x are both *ts which are distinguished by the fact one is aspirated and the other isn’t
*ch and *c are both velar stops with slight palatisation becoming true palatal stops before front vowels and are as usual distinguished by the fact one is aspirated and the other isn’t
*h is a glottal stop
*sy is an alveopalatal sibilant
*zr is a retroflex sibilant

Allophony
Before the four nasal vowels *l, *j and *w are nasal stops at the same place of articulation

Phrase initially (and a phrase can be any part sequence of speech or even multiple sentences it is broken up based on what the speaker intends to emphasise) the following changes happen.
Aspirated stops aspiration is greater
Tenuis stops receive greater aspiration
Voiced stops are partially or in some cases completely devoiced through you can distinguish between them by their lesser duration.
*l, *j and *w when not nasalised have greater frication but are rarely devoiced
*h is pronounced as a glottal fricative and not a stop
The first vowel is higher pitch and in long phrases the second vowel also has a higher pitch but not as high as the first vowel

Sequences of vowels are dealt with depending on the gender of the speaker
In males they are broken up by *h
Among females *a coalesces into a diphthong or long vowel (with other *a) with the following vowel and other vowels are broken up by short non-fricated *j (if front) or *w (if back) which is nasalised if the following vowel is.

Vowels
*i *in *u
*e *o
*ẹ *en *ọ *on
*a *an

CV syllable structure

[thethief3]

*b *d *g
*p *t *c
*ʒ *j
*x *q
*l *z *ź
*ł *s *ś
*r
*w *y
*m *n *ń
22 Consonants

C(w, y)VVC syllable structure maximally where VV was any long vowel C was any consonant and C was an applicable coda (taking into account clustering rules) or final consonant

Final consonants are *d, *t, *s, *r and *n

Limited system of consonant gradation
Tenuis stop > Voiced stop
*b > *w
*d > *r
*g > *w between two historically rounded vowels otherwise it is lost
Voiceless Sibilant > Voiced Sibilant (this is the only source of voiced sibilants)
Glides lost > X
Geminate consonants degeminate
*rk/g > *rj
*rt/d > *rr
*rp/b > *rw
*NT > *ND
*ND > *NN

[thethief3]

Orokoan

From *ura “straight” and *guana “speech”

*b *d *g
*p *t *k
*s *ʃ *h
*w *r *j
*m *n *ɲ *ŋ

*i *u
*e *a

Maximal syllable structure is (C)VV(r, n, s)

Gemination was disallowed and *n assimilates to a following consonants place of articulation.

VV consisted of either a long vowel or *j or *w + a non identical vowel
*r and *ŋ could not occur word initially

*b, *d, *g usually have nasal, approximate or glottal reflexes in descendants but most notably in southwestern Orokoan they have stop reflexes in stressed syllables (so third last mora) or after nasals.

*guke “fish”, *janta “star”, *paʃiwa “spear”, *kegena “woman”, *kuru “hard”, *bestani “sun”, *ʃurwi “chief”, *danta “sweet”, *pabasi “kick”, *kunja “true”, *muriŋa “boat”, *handa “sky”, *ɲakwe “dog”, *kersin “blue”, *bura “comb”, *kawasa “fox”, *gunsi “fire”, paɲa “food”, *kaŋaha “clay”, *banbi “sour”, *kuruki “magic”, *danma “god”, *tarmikja “spirit”, *sunwa “roe”, *baka “rock”, *nuwe “cold”

Southwest Orokoan

*usi “seafood”, *janta “star”, *hahiwa “spear”, *seena “woman”, *kuru “hard”, *pistani “sun”, *hurwi “king”, *tanta “sweet”, *paasi “punch”, *murima “boat”, *anta “sky” > *ɲakwi “dog”, *serhin “blue”, *ura “comb”, *kawasa “fox”, *kunsi “fire”, *haja “food”, *kamaa “earth”, *kurusi “magic”, *tama “god/spirit”, *sunwa “roe”, *nuwi “cold”

No Southwest Orokoan language retains the codas instead they are only known from alteration of the previous vowel.

[thethief3]

*p *t *k
*f *lh *s *sh
*r *l
*w *y
*m *n *ng

*i *u
*e *o
*a

*p *t *k
*s *h
*w *y
*m *n

*papa > *paa
*awo > *ao
*kura > *kua
*kunta > *kuta
*pangka > *paka
*wakan > *wakan
*ashiwi > *ahii
*angan > *aa
*lhasi > *yasi
*kunki > *kusi
*lafa > *lawa

[thethief3]

*m *n *ɲ *ŋ
*t *tʃ *k *kʷ
*b *d *dʒ
*l
*r *ʀ
*j *w

*y *u *i
*ø *o *e
*œ *ɒ

*mɒhu
*oski
*turɒ
*nørdy
*tœse
*joŋsi
*œkʷtœn
*bœtʃœ
*dʒɒkɒn
*ɲɒstʃi

*kyly, *kisten, *tʃœwœ, *kʷœn, *hynœn, *hɒndi, *dowun

[thethief3]

*m *n *nʲ
*b *d *dʲ
*t *tʲ *k *q
*ts
*ɮ *z
*ɬ *s *sʲ *ç~x *h
*ɾ
*w *j

*b is *p initially and has increasing tendency to fricate in such positions
*k is *ɣ intervocalically
*ɮ is *l in between vowels and *ɰ preconsonantally
*ç~x is a very marginal phoneme only appearing before *i/j as *ç and *u/w as *x where it doesn’t contrast with *h however it contrasts before nasal *ɛ̨ and *ɔ̨ as well as before *ɛ and *ɔ when in closed syllables and therefore realised and *ɪ and *ʊ. Southern dialects generally retain proto *e and *o as *i and *u which serves as another source of contrast however in these dialects such phonemes derive from proto *h rather then *p which has undergone the alternate chain shift *p > *b > *m
Central dialects retain proto *p as *ɸ and contrast *k and *ɣ initially

*i *u
*ɛ *ɔ
*a

*ɛ̨ *ɔ̨
*ą

Any vowel can be long marked by a macron

Other proto details
The palatised alveolar series derives from palatised velars as previous palatised alveolars (ń, *dz, *ts, *ś) merged with their unpalatised counterparts
Labiovelars are retained in central dialects they palatised to *t before front vowels and merged with plain velars before other vowels in the Alesian dialect of this sketch
A sound intermediate between *d and *z (dz) is seen for some rural areas and sometimes turns up as *d. It would derive from earlier *dl or *dr and has merged with *z in all city dialects
Southwestern dialects lack 3 innovations common to all other dialects thirst is proto *θ being reflected as *ɬ instead of *n (leading many to believe it is a voiceless *n). Second is they reflex *ɢ as *ʁ instead of *q. Both of these changes are common to the related languages on the continent to the east. Finally they don’t spread high tone in any cases but still dissimilate it. Otherwise they are generally similar to other dialects.
Short *ɔ in the Alessian dialect derives from loanwords only otherwise it has merged with *a. In addition long *ā becomes *ɛ̄ except after another front vowel or *ɾ and before dorsal consonants

[thethief3]

Sound changes for vowels

*u > *ɔ before nasals (kun > čɔn)
*u(:) > *y(:) > *i(:) (mu:sa > my:sa > *misa)
*ɔ(:) > *u(:) except before nasals or when nasalised (tɔ > *tu)
*ɛ > *e except before nasals or when nasalised (nɛj > *nej)
*e: > *i: (nɛ́: > *né: > *ní “dog”)
*a: > *o: (ka:ta > *čota)
Vowel length lost as well as contour tones (nandǐ: > *andí)
Vowel nasality lost (*dɔ̨l > *dɔl)

[thethief3]

Combining 2 ideas
A the phonology which gets even more complex in daughters due to cluster resolution
B A gender system of *i, *u, *a for Masculine, Animate and Inanimate which lengthens the vowel in the plural.

[thethief3]

And its descendant now CwVC maximally

[thethief3]

All low and low mid vowels could occur as nasal vowels finally and all vowels could occur as nasal vowels before a non-stop (plosive or nasal) consonant. These were allophones of vowels+nasals. For example *awtan “flower” and *ansa “to answer”

Syllable structure was CVC but very few CVC clusters were allowed other than geminates, Nasals+consonant or a rhotic tap + a consonant. Nasal+Stop clusters were also remarkably rare having assimilated to nasal geminates in all but a few recent borrowings.

Words
*isari: “king” *manni “mother” *jala “sun” *isamuɕi: “moon” *kara “fish” *jamna “yam” *wɛssi “isle” *apaɺana “archipelago” *tʲamma “demon” *pʲi:ttɔn “sweetheart” *o:co: “sweet/sugar” *nʲanʲa “paternal aunt” *cɔpi “coin” *annu “loyal” *isan “sky” *caɾu “cute” *wajtan “way” *annava “sword” *e:rrina “to love” *ma:pʲu “dog” *sʲo:na “sound” *ju:nsa “legal” *satti “safe” *vara “to triumph over” *kajrru “heart” *vɔnna “vole” *alɔpis “arctic fox” *kʷalata “wolf” *sakʷan “good” *nunni “pika” *kunlɔn “snow marten” *ʂika “cat” *ʂarru “tender/sweet” *apis “light” *ɕɛɾkʷu “to play” *maɾta “pine marten” *cuɾɾɔn “isles marten” *sʲi:sʲi: “quick” *sʲanta: “ghost” *cɛmvɛn “duck” *papis “book” *talu “pen” *cuɺʲi “buttock” *ɺati “gem” *ɺana “star” *iccon “dusk” *narra “dawn” *narri “person” *nɛɾɾi “weasel” *iɕan “sea” *palakʷu “armour” *antu “prize” *se:rɛn “peaceful” *passi “fruit” *ciɲɲu “puppy” *macca “son” *naccu “daughter” *ɳa: “snake” *ɲipi “important woman” *ɳaara “brave” *cwoɾɾan "capital city"