Spanish
Hay un gato en la casa.
[aj uŋ ˈgato en la ˈkasa]
hay un gato-Ø en la casa-Ø
there.is INDF.M.SG cat-SG in DEF.F.SG house-SG
There's a cat in the house.
El gato está en la casa.
[el ˈɣ̞ato esˈta en la ˈkasa]
el gato-Ø está en la casa-Ø
DEF.M.SG cat-SG COP.3SG.PRS.IND in DEF.F.SG house-SG
The cat is in the house.
No hay ningún gato en la casa.
[no aj niŋˈguŋ ˈgato en la ˈkasa]
no hay ningún gato-Ø en la casa-Ø
NEG there.is no cat-SG in DEF.F.SG house-SG
There's no cat in the house.
El gato no está en la casa.
[el ˈɣ̞ato no esˈta en la ˈkasa]
el gato-Ø no está en la casa-Ø
DEF.M.SG cat-SG NEG COP.3SG.PRS.IND in DEF.F.SG house-SG
The cat is not in the house.
If the cat being referred to is known to be feminine, "gato" can be replaced with its feminine equivalent, "gata" (in which case "un gato" and "el gato" become "una gata" and "la gata").
Existential and locational clauses
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- mayan
- Posts: 2080
- Joined: 11 Jan 2015 23:22
- Location: USA
Re: Existential and locational clauses
Swahili:
(1) There's a cat in the house.
Roman numerals in glosses are genders in accordance with the standard Bantu numbering system (in Roman numerals so they don't look like grammatical persons). Animate nouns take agreement for classes 1/2 no matter what class they belong to (with the exception of genitives for class 9/10), hence the lack of agreement with the class 9/10 noun for "cat".
Class XVIII, the mu-locative, is a locative class meaning "inside". I still can't quite get my head around how the agreement with locatives works syntactically, but I'm reasonably confident of these sentences because they're fairly simple.
The three locative classes, XVI, XVII and XVIII are only marked on nouns through the -ni suffix, which overrides whatever noun-class the noun belongs to without it (locative agreements in the rest of the sentence show if it means exact location, approximate location or internal location). For example, to say "in my house", I can't use the class IX agreement on "my" anymore but have to use a locative agreement. The -ni doesn't occur on nouns that inherently mark places, such as place names, or on names for times of day, recent loan-words ... and just random other words. Some words for places and many place names are derived from other words with the addition of this -ni suffix.
Incidentally, hakuna as in hakuna matata is the same as hamna except replacing XVIII (internal location) with XVII (approximate location), essentially meaning "aroundy-place is not with", ie. "there is no".
Hapana (class XVI) = "there is no ... at an exact location" (just used as the common word for "no").
Hakuna (class XVII) = "there is no ... at an inexact location" (ie. general there isn't)
Hamna (class XVIII) = "there is no ... in an internal location"
Hmmm, feels like a conlang to me.
(1) There's a cat in the house.
- Mna paka nyumbani.
[ˈm̩.na ˈpʰa.ka ɲu.ˈmba.ni]
mw-na ny-paka ny-umba-ni
XVIII-with IX-cat IX-house-LOC
- Paka yumo nyumbani.
[ˈpʰa.ka ˈju.mo ɲu.ˈmba.ni]
ny-paka yu-mo ny-umba-ni
IX-cat 3.ANIM.SG-be.LOC.XVIII IX-house-LOC
- Hamna paka nyumbani.
[ha.ˈm̩.na ˈpʰa.ka ɲu.ˈmba.ni]
ha-mw-na ny-paka ny-umba-ni
NEG-XVIII-with IX-cat IX-house-LOC
- Paka hayumo nyumbani.
[ˈpʰa.ka ha.ˈju.mo ɲu.ˈmba.ni]
ny-paka hayu-mo ny-umba-ni
IX-cat NEG-3.ANIM.SG-be.LOC.XVIII IX-house-LOC
Roman numerals in glosses are genders in accordance with the standard Bantu numbering system (in Roman numerals so they don't look like grammatical persons). Animate nouns take agreement for classes 1/2 no matter what class they belong to (with the exception of genitives for class 9/10), hence the lack of agreement with the class 9/10 noun for "cat".
Class XVIII, the mu-locative, is a locative class meaning "inside". I still can't quite get my head around how the agreement with locatives works syntactically, but I'm reasonably confident of these sentences because they're fairly simple.
The three locative classes, XVI, XVII and XVIII are only marked on nouns through the -ni suffix, which overrides whatever noun-class the noun belongs to without it (locative agreements in the rest of the sentence show if it means exact location, approximate location or internal location). For example, to say "in my house", I can't use the class IX agreement on "my" anymore but have to use a locative agreement. The -ni doesn't occur on nouns that inherently mark places, such as place names, or on names for times of day, recent loan-words ... and just random other words. Some words for places and many place names are derived from other words with the addition of this -ni suffix.
Incidentally, hakuna as in hakuna matata is the same as hamna except replacing XVIII (internal location) with XVII (approximate location), essentially meaning "aroundy-place is not with", ie. "there is no".
Hapana (class XVI) = "there is no ... at an exact location" (just used as the common word for "no").
Hakuna (class XVII) = "there is no ... at an inexact location" (ie. general there isn't)
Hamna (class XVIII) = "there is no ... in an internal location"
Hmmm, feels like a conlang to me.
Glossing Abbreviations: COMP = comparative, C = complementiser, ACS / ICS = accessible / inaccessible, GDV = gerundive, SPEC / NSPC = specific / non-specific, AG = agent, E = entity (person, animal, thing)
________
MY MUSIC | MY PLANTS
________
MY MUSIC | MY PLANTS
Re: Existential and locational clauses
Juraban
(1) There's a cat in the house.
Un neko setas ne toka.
one cat be_present-PRS LOC.DEF house.
(2) The cat is in the house.
Le neko se ne toka.
DEF cat be.PRS in_the house.
(3) There's no cat in the house.
Nu neko setas ne toka.
zero cat be_present-PRS LOC.DEF house.
(4) The cat is not in the house.
Le neko son ne toka.
DEF cat be.PRS.NEG LOC.DEF house.
(1) There's a cat in the house.
Un neko setas ne toka.
one cat be_present-PRS LOC.DEF house.
(2) The cat is in the house.
Le neko se ne toka.
DEF cat be.PRS in_the house.
(3) There's no cat in the house.
Nu neko setas ne toka.
zero cat be_present-PRS LOC.DEF house.
(4) The cat is not in the house.
Le neko son ne toka.
DEF cat be.PRS.NEG LOC.DEF house.
English is not my native language. Sorry for any mistakes or lack of knowledge when I discuss this language.
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- Frislander
- mayan
- Posts: 2088
- Joined: 14 May 2016 18:47
- Location: The North
Re: Existential and locational clauses
O Kanã
trikiki o diro o njẽẽ
[ʈʳiki↓ki o ⁿdi↓ɽo o ɲẽː]
APPL-exist-3.ERG N house N cat
There is a cat in the house
beeki o njẽẽ te o diro
[ⁿbeː↓ki o ɲẽː te o ⁿdi↓ɽo]
sit N cat LOC N house
The cat is in the house.
trimõki o diro o njẽẽ
[ʈʳimõ↓ki o ⁿdi↓ɽo o ɲẽː]
APPL-not.exist-3.ERG N house N cat
There is not cat in the house
ẽ beeki o njẽẽ te o diro
[ẽ ⁿbeː↓ki o ɲẽː te o ⁿdi↓ɽo]
NEG sit N cat LOC N house
The cat is not in the house
(This gave me a nice opportunity to add a negative existential verb to the language.)
trikiki o diro o njẽẽ
[ʈʳiki↓ki o ⁿdi↓ɽo o ɲẽː]
APPL-exist-3.ERG N house N cat
There is a cat in the house
beeki o njẽẽ te o diro
[ⁿbeː↓ki o ɲẽː te o ⁿdi↓ɽo]
sit N cat LOC N house
The cat is in the house.
trimõki o diro o njẽẽ
[ʈʳimõ↓ki o ⁿdi↓ɽo o ɲẽː]
APPL-not.exist-3.ERG N house N cat
There is not cat in the house
ẽ beeki o njẽẽ te o diro
[ẽ ⁿbeː↓ki o ɲẽː te o ⁿdi↓ɽo]
NEG sit N cat LOC N house
The cat is not in the house
(This gave me a nice opportunity to add a negative existential verb to the language.)
Re: Existential and locational clauses
Mandarin
在房子里有猫。
Zài fángzi li yǒu māo.
at house inside there_is cat
There is a cat in the house.
猫在房子里。
Māo zài fángzi lǐ.
cat at house inside
A cat is in the house.
在房子里没有猫。
Zài fángzi lǐ méiyǒu māo.
at house inside not_exist cat
There is no cat in the house.
猫不在房子里。
Māo bù zài fángzi lǐ.
cat NEG at house inside
The house is not in the cat.
在房子里有猫。
Zài fángzi li yǒu māo.
at house inside there_is cat
There is a cat in the house.
猫在房子里。
Māo zài fángzi lǐ.
cat at house inside
A cat is in the house.
在房子里没有猫。
Zài fángzi lǐ méiyǒu māo.
at house inside not_exist cat
There is no cat in the house.
猫不在房子里。
Māo bù zài fángzi lǐ.
cat NEG at house inside
The house is not in the cat.
Wipe the glass. This is the usual way to start, even in the days, day and night, only a happy one.
Re: Existential and locational clauses
房子里有猫。Iyionaku wrote: Mandarin
Fángzi li yǒu māo.
house inside there_is cat
There is a cat in the house.
猫在房子里。
Māo zài fángzi lǐ.
cat at house inside
The cat is in the house.
房子里没(有)猫。
Fángzi lǐ méi(yǒu) māo.
house inside not_exist cat
There isn't a cat in the house.
猫不在房子里。
Māo bù zài fángzi lǐ.
cat NEG at house inside
The cat is not in the house.
我以为看见了只猫咪。
I tawt I taw a puddy tat.
☯ 道可道,非常道
☯ 名可名,非常名
☯ 名可名,非常名
Re: Existential and locational clauses
Removed.
Last edited by Reyzadren on 07 Aug 2017 03:58, edited 1 time in total.
Re: Existential and locational clauses
Xingish
Yucubdir er-la in hus.
yucub-dir er-la in hus
Youtube-animal be-DIST LOC house
[juːʧʊbiːɾ eːɾla ɪn hʊs]
There's a cat in the house.
Yucubdir er in hus.
yucub-dir er in hus
Youtube-animal be LOC house
[juːʧʊbiːɾ eːɾ ɪn hʊs]
The cat is in the house.
Yucubdir er ni-la in hus.
yucub-dir er ni-la in hus
Youtube-animal be NEG-DIST LOC house
[juːʧʊbiːɾ eːɾ niːla ɪn hʊs]
There's no cat in the house.
Yucubdir er ni in hus.
yucub-dir er in hus
Youtube-animal be LOC house
[juːʧʊbiːɾ eːɾ niː ɪn hʊs]
The cat is not in the house.
Yucubdir er-la in hus.
yucub-dir er-la in hus
Youtube-animal be-DIST LOC house
[juːʧʊbiːɾ eːɾla ɪn hʊs]
There's a cat in the house.
Yucubdir er in hus.
yucub-dir er in hus
Youtube-animal be LOC house
[juːʧʊbiːɾ eːɾ ɪn hʊs]
The cat is in the house.
Yucubdir er ni-la in hus.
yucub-dir er ni-la in hus
Youtube-animal be NEG-DIST LOC house
[juːʧʊbiːɾ eːɾ niːla ɪn hʊs]
There's no cat in the house.
Yucubdir er ni in hus.
yucub-dir er in hus
Youtube-animal be LOC house
[juːʧʊbiːɾ eːɾ niː ɪn hʊs]
The cat is not in the house.